וכל צבאם, and all their hosts" The hosts of the earth, i.e. man and beast, as well as all the vegetation. It includes also the hosts of the heavens, so that we have here an indirect reference to the angels, i.e. that they had also been created during the six days of creation.

ויכל אלוהים ביום השביעי, "God completed on the seventh day, etc.⁠" Although God knows exactly when the sixth day ends and the seventh day commences, to the onlooker it might appear as if the seventh day had already started. According to the plain meaning of the text, the line means that whatever God did on the seventh day was the completion of the seven days of creation.

ויברך ויקדש, "He blessed and sanctified.⁠" Rashi explains that the words ויברך ויקדש refer to the manna. During the weekdays one omer of manna per person fell from the heavens, and on the Sabbath eve twice the amount, so that the Sabbath was sanctified by no manna descending. Rav Saadyah gaon explains that the blessing and sanctity are granted to those who observe the Sabbath in accordance with halachah. Ibn Ezra explains the blessing bestowed on the Sabbath as additional strength granted to the bodies to enable them to procreate and the additional mental and spiritual dimension known as נשמה יתירה, "additional soul,⁠" which Jews enjoy on that day.

ויקדש אותו, "He sanctified it.⁠" This day is not slated for work being performed as are the six working days.

אשר ברא אלוהים לעשות, "which God had created to be developed further.⁠" According to Rashi the meaning is that work (of a creative nature) originally intended to be carried out only on the seventh day, was moved forward so that God performed it already on the sixth day. According to Ibn Ezra the verse tells us that God enabled the various creatures, including plants, to be able to procreate and ensure their continued existence on earth Nachmanides holds that as of this day God desisted from any creative activity which was known as בריאה, i.e. creating matter out of no tangible raw material, יש מאין, "ex nihilo.⁠" The meaning of the additional word לעשות, is that God did not even put finishing touches to phenomena He had already created in their primitive state. Nachmanides adds that we should know that the expression ששת ימים does not only refer to the six days of creation in a literal sense, but to the entire projected length of time this universe is to endure, i.e. 6000 years. This is why our sages described the length of a "day" in terms of God's calendar as equivalent to 1000 years of our calendar. During the first two days the universe consisted completely of water. These "days" are an allusion to the 2000 years described by our sages a tohu, a degree of chaos, seeing that nothing had been completed during these two "days.⁠" Seeing that during these 2000 years no one proclaimed the name of the Living God, our sages described this era as תהו. The first day during which light had been created is basically the period of close to 1000 years during which Adam lived, It is quite possible that even Enosh did not turn to idolatry until Adam had died. The second day which saw the creation of the heavens, etc. also produced a Noach who, with his sons, was righteous, whereas the rest of mankind was doomed to destruction during that millennium. Mankind was destroyed by water, another sign that this was the dominating influence during that era. The third day, i.e. also the third millennium, saw the emergence of an Avraham who was 48 years of age at the beginning of that millennium. Avraham was the first human being who succeeded in attracting many people to worship God as the only deity. He had begun converting people years before God told him to leave Charan and to move to what was then the land of Canaan. It was also the millennium during the middle of which Torah was revealed to the Jewish people at Mount Sinai. It is important to remember that with the onset of dusk after sunset the following day has already begun. [Avraham's being born in the year 1952 after the creation of Adam is considered as if he had been born during dusk of the second "day,⁠" a stage preparatory to the third day (millennium).] Observance of the commandments of the Torah is equivalent of "the World having produced its fruit.⁠" The fourth day, (or millennium) during which the sun and moon were created also produced the first Temple which Solomon built in Jerusalem. (72 years into the third millennium). This millennium lasted until 172 years after the destruction of the first Temple. The day the Temple was consecrated was a day of light when heavenly fire descended to consume thousands of sacrifices. The glory of God filled the Temple and the heavenly fire was reposing on the altar as does a lion that has eaten his fill. In other words, Israel's light shone forth at that time as did the sun when placed in orbit for the first time. From that time on Israel's glory diminished fairly steadily culminating in exile of the people and the subsequent minor rally during which the second Temple was built, a period which can be best compared to the kind of night during which the moon is the only source of light available. The fifth day which produced most of the living creatures of the water and the birds of the sky, is symbolized by the fifth millennium, commencing 172 years after the destruction of the second Temple. This was an era to which the verse in Chabakuk 1,14-15 can be compared. The prophet there writes: ותעשה אדם כדגי הים כרמש לא מושל בו. כולה בחכה העלה יגורהו בחרמו ויאספהו במכמרתו עלכן ישמח ויגל. "You have made mankind like the fish of the sea, like creeping things that have no ruler. He has fished them all up with a line, pulled them up in his trawl and gathered them in his net. That is why he rejoices and is glad.⁠" [The prophet complains about the apparent absence of God's providence during this millennium when human beings were treated as if they were fish in the sea with no value to their lives. Ed.] This era did not produce men of caliber who sought the nearness of their Creator. (Isaiah 31,1) On the morning of the sixth day the earth produced various land-based mammals, all of this occurring prior to sunrise as alluded to in Psalms 104, 22 תזרח השמש יאספון ואל מעונתם ירבצון, "by the time the sun rises they came home and crouch in their dens.⁠" Following this, man was created in the image of God on the sixth day (sixth millennium) Then commenced the period of man's dominance as described in the subsequent verse in Psalms 104,23יצא אדם לפעלו ולעבודתו עדי ערב, "man then goes to his work, to his labour until the evening.⁠" David describes the sixth millennium during the early part of which the "animals" roam the world more or less unimpeded. These "animals" are humans who do not know their Creator, and therefore are hardly better than animals. After man's creation, described as part of sunrise, will come the redeemer, scion of the house of David, who has been made in the image of the Lord of whom it has been written: (Daniel 7,13) וארו עם ענני שמיא כבר אנש אתה הוא ועד עתיק יומיא מטה וקדמוהי הקרבוהי ולה יהיב שלטן ויקר ומלכו, "and behold with the clouds of heaven, one like a man came; he came up to the Ancient of Days, and they brought him before Him. He gave him dominion, glory and kingship, peoples nations and languages.⁠" [although our author is quoting Nachmanides he has left out several sentences, perhaps he did not have the updated text that we have nowadays thanks to Rabbi Chavell.] It would seem from the Torah's terminology which uses the same words to describe two different scenarios, i.e. days and millennia, that at the beginning of the sixth millennium an especially powerful and violent nation will emerge, a nation and religion which will be more monotheistic than previous ones. [reference to Islam. Ed.] The seventh day is the Sabbath, which in terms of millennia describes the future known as עולם הבא, an idyllic state involving מנוחה rest in a positive sense, something which the sages speak about. Some commentators see in the word לעשות the opposite of עשה, i.e. something God had done already, a reference to the spiritually negative forces in the universe, the מזיקים, the potential for which God had created. The phenomena have not been equipped with a body, hence the word לעשות describes them in their incomplete state. Still other commentators see in the word לעשות instructions to existing phenomena such as earth, water, etc., [in other words "nature" Ed.] to continue the process as it no longer involved anything basically new. From now on man would be the product of his parents, a reproduction of the ongoing process here called לעשות. In the Midrash the word לעשות is understood to refer to something God had deliberately omitted to create at the time, i.e. the רוח צפוני the north wind. This wind would be put to use when it is time to judge the idolaters in the future. God will challenge them by saying to them that if there is any substance to their deities, He challenges them to produce the north wind which He had left in reserve for their expertise. If they would prove unable to produce this north wind, they would be convicted of having worshipped totally useless phenomena as deities. The reason why the Torah does not conclude with the words ויהי ערב ויהי בוקר יום שביעי, "it was evening and morning the seventh day,⁠" is that the Jewish people would honour the Sabbath by commencing it before the end of the sixth day, thus lending it an extra measure of sanctity.