In the third year after the first vision that appeared to me in the beginning, i.e., the dream stated above (7:1), which appeared to him in the first year of Belshazzar.

beside the river Ulai beside the river named Ulai.

and it had horns symbolizing the kingdom of Persia and Media.

and one was higher than the other symbolizing the kingdom of Persia, which was greater than the kingdom of Media, for the kingdom of Media existed for only one year, as it says: "In the first year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus of the seed of Media" (Daniel 9:1), and we learned in Seder Olam (ch. 28): "We do not find any year ascribed to Media in the Holy Writ but this one only.⁠"

and the higher one sprouted last This symbolizes that the kingdom of Media will precede the kingdom of Persia.

I was pondering I was contemplating it.

a he goat Heb. צְפִיר.

and it did not touch the ground He resembled one skipping in the air.

a conspicuous horn Heb. קֶרֶן חָזוּת, a large horn visible to the eye.

and it fought with it Heb. וַיִתְמַרְמַר אֵלָיו, and it fought with it. That is an expression of bitter (מַר) anger.

an appearance of four an appearance of four horns.

And from one of them and from one of these kingdoms.

emerged a...horn The kingdom of Titus emerged from it.

small A small and despised kingdom, as he calls it above one small horn, and that is in the manner of: "...you are very despised" (Ovadyah 1:2).

and it became very great Heb. וַתִּגְדַּל מְאֹד.

to the south That is Egypt, which is to the south of the land of Israel.

and to the coveted land Heb. הַצְבִי The land of Israel, called אֶרֶץ הַצְבִי, the coveted land [or the land of beauty] after the manner of: "an inheritance of the beauty of hosts of nations" (Yirmeyahu 3:19).

until the host of heaven They are Israel, who were compared to the stars.

And until the Prince of the host That is the Temple, which is the House of the Holy One, blessed be He, the Prince of the host. He blasphemed the Holy One, blessed be He.

and through him the daily sacrifice was removed And through his troops and his armies, which he sent to Jerusalem, the daily sacrifice was abolished, for he sent there Nero Caesar, his general, as our Rabbis relate in Gittin (56a) and in Gorion.

And a time will be given for the daily sacrifice A set time will be given for the daily sacrifice to be discontinued because of transgression.

And a time Heb. וְצָבָא, time, like: "Is not man on earth for a limited time (צָבָא)" (Iyyov 7:1)?

and it will cast truth to the earth It humbled the Torah of truth.

one holy one one of the angels.

and...said that angel.

to the anonymous Heb. לַפַּלְמוֹנִי. This word is like two: פְּלוֹנִי אַלְמוֹנִי, and Jonathan ben Uziel translated it in the Book of Samuel: "covered and hidden" (I 21:3), like: "If a matter be hidden (יִפָּלֵא) from you" (Devarim 17:8). אַלְמוֹנִי means a widower (אַלְמָן) without a name, [i.e., bereft of a name] for he [the angel] did not explain to him what he was and what his name was.

to the anonymous one who was speaking to the angel who was speaking and issuing decrees, viz. "And a set time will be given for the daily sacrifice because of transgression.⁠"

How long will be the vision this [vision] which concerns the daily sacrifice, that it should be discontinued, and the silent abomination will be placed in its stead. The silent abomination is an idol worshipped by the pagans, which was like a mute stone, and so it is called in this Book in many places, as it says: "And from the time the daily sacrifice was removed and the silent abomination placed" (12:11).

mute Heb. שֹּׁמֵם, an expression of being mute and silenced, like: "was bewildered (אֶשְּׁתּוֹמַם) for awhile;⁠" (Daniel 4:16): "and I sat there seven days bewildered (מַשְּׁמִים) among them" (Yechezkel 3:15), like one who is dumb.

permitting the Sanctuary and the host to be trampled to make the base of the Sanctuary and the host of heaven, which he cast down to the earth, to be a trampling for his feet, as is stated above: "and it cast down to the ground some of the host and some of the stars" (verse 10).

the Sanctuary and the host Heb. וְקֹדֶשּׁ וְצָבָא. The "vav" [of וְקֹדֶשּׁ] is superfluous, and there are many such instances in Scripture, e.g.: "chariot (וָרֶכֶב) and horse were stunned" (Tehillim 76:7), and also, in the language of people, some speak that way.

Until evening and morning, two thousand and three hundred I saw an interpretation in the name of Rav Saadia Gaon for this matter, but it has already passed, and he interpreted further "until evening and morning,⁠" that evening about which it says: "and it shall come to pass that at eventide it shall be light" (Zekharyah 14:7), and we are confident that our God's word will stand forever; it will not be nullified. I say, however, that the עֶרֶב and בֹּקֶר stated here are a gematria, and there is support for this matter from two reasons: 1) that this computation should coincide with the other computation at the end of the Book, and 2) that Gabriel said to Daniel later on in this chapter: "And the vision of the evening and the morning is true" (verse 26). Now, if he had not hinted that the computation was doubtful, why did he repeat it to say that it was true? And the seer was commanded to close up and to seal the matter, and to him, too, the matter was revealed in a closed and sealed expression, but we will hope for the promise of our king for end after end, and when the end passes, it will be known that the expounder has erred in his interpretation, and the one who comes after him will search and expound in another manner. This can be interpreted [as follows]: namely, that עֶרֶב בֹּקֶר has the numerical value of 574, ע = 70; ר = 200; ב = 2; ב = 2; ק = 100; ר = 200. Added together, this equals 574; plus 2,300, we have 2,874.

and the holy ones shall be exonerated The iniquity of Israel shall be expiated to bring an end to the decrees of their being trodden upon and crumbled since they were exiled in their first exile to Egypt, until they will be redeemed and saved with a perpetual salvation by our king Messiah, and this computation terminates at the end of 1,290 years from the day the daily sacrifice was removed, and that is what is stated at the end of the Book: "And from the time the daily sacrifice is removed, and the silent abomination placed, will be 1,290 years" (Daniel 12:11), and no more, for our king Messiah will come and remove the silent abomination. The daily sacrifice was removed six years before the destruction of the Second Temple, and an image was set up in the Heichal. Now that was the seventeenth day of Tammuz, when Apostomos burned the Torah, put an end to the daily sacrifice, and set up an image in the Heichal, as we learned in Tractate Ta'anith (26b), but for the six years that I mentioned, I have no explicit proof, but there is proof that the daily sacrifice was abolished less than a complete shemittah cycle before the destruction, for so did Daniel prophesy about Titus: "...and half the week of years [shemittah cycle] he will curtail sacrifice and meal-offering" (Daniel 9:27), meaning that a part of the week of years before the destruction, sacrifices will be abolished. So it is explained below in this section. Let us return to the earlier matters, how the computation of "evening and morning, two thousand and three hundred,⁠" fits exactly with the time commencing from the descent to Egypt to terminate at the end of 1,290 years until the day that the daily sacrifice was abolished: 210 years they were in Egypt. 480 years transpired from the Exodus until the building of the Temple. 410 years the Temple existed. 70 years was the Babylonian exile. 420 years the Second Temple stood. 1,290 should be added until the end of days, totaling: 2,880. Subtract six years that the daily sacrifice was removed before the destruction, for Scripture counted 1,290 years only from the time that the daily sacrifice was removed. Here you have the computation of "evening and morning, and 2,300" added to the computation. Fortunate is he who waits and reaches the end of days 45 years over 1,290 [years]. We may say that the king Messiah will come according to the first computation, and he will subsequently be concealed from them for forty-five years. Rabbi Elazar HaKalir established (in the concluding poem of the portion dealing with the month of Nissan): in the foundation of his song: six weeks of years, totaling 42. We may say that the three years that did not total a week of years he did not count. And I found it so in Midrash Ruth that the king Messiah is destined to be concealed for forty-five years after he reveals himself, and proof is brought from these verses.

that I sought understanding I was longing that they should enable me to understand [the vision] from heaven.

in the midst of the Ulai in the midst of the river.

and he called i.e., the man.

and said to the angel, "You, Gabriel.⁠"

enable this one to understand the vision explain the vision to this one.

this one Heb. לְהַלָּז, an expression of esteem, as he called him חֲמוּדוֹת, one of desirable qualities. Wherever it says הַלָז it refers to a person of form, and from here they learned in the Aggadah: Isaac resembled his father in form and in likeness, for he is called הָאִישּׁ הַלָז in the section commencing, "Now it came to pass when Isaac was old.⁠": "...and Joseph was fair in form and fair in appearance" (Bereshit 39:6). This is the beauty enumerated among the five things that a father merits for his son.

to the time of the end. For many days this vision will come about.

I fell into a sound sleep An expression of slumber and bewilderment.

and stood me up where I had been standing Where my feet were standing.

for it is the end of the time for it is at the time of the end of many days.

The kings of Media and Persia The two horns represent two ruling nations, as I explained above.

the first king He is Alexander of Macedon who slew Darius, the son of Esther, as we find in the book of Josiphon (ch. 9).

And the broken one that you saw being broken.

in whose stead stood four as is written in the narration of the dream above (verse 8), [there] are four kingdoms which will arise from that nation, for Alexander of Macedon divided his kingdom upon his death [into parts for] four youths, and Joseph called them four heads of a leopard in his book, and they were not the sons of the king.

but not with its strength The last ones will not be as strong as the first king, but they will be weaker than him.

And at the end of their kingdom, when the transgressors have been destroyed When the end arrives, and the wicked of Israel in the Second Temple will be finished.

a brazen-faced person will rise he is Titus.

And his power will become strong and not with might but with smooth talk, as is explained at the end of the Book (11:21).

and he will destroy wondrously and with wonder upon wonder, he will destroy.

and he will prosper and accomplish his desire.

and he will destroy the mighty many nations.

and the people of the holy ones Israel, who believe in the Torah.

And through his intellect, he will cause the deceit in his hand to prosper And because he is clever wherever he turns and [because] he will prosper, he will hold onto deceit with his hand.

and in his heart he will become proud Heb. יַגְדִּיל, lit, he will grow larger.

and in tranquility he will destroy many With guile and with smooth talk he will destroy many who dwell with him with a covenant and in peace.

and over the Prince of princes he will stand He will speak blasphemously about Heaven. This is the meaning of the dream written above (verse 11): ["And until the Prince of the host it grew.⁠"]

and without strength he will be broken And without strength he will be broken, through a mosquito, the weakest of creatures, which entered his nose, as we learned in Tractate Gittin (56b).

And the vision of the evening and the morning which was said to you in the preceding dream, is true.

and you close up the vision Do not explain it, but close it up in your heart, for it will come about in many days.

became broken Heb. נִהְיֵיתִי, an expression of calamity (הוָה) and breach; i.e., I was pained because of this trouble and I was depressed.

the king's work for I was appointed over the assignment of the work of the government of Belshazzar's kingdom, for Nebuchadnezzar his father had appointed him, as is written in the beginning of the Book: "...and gave him dominion over all the capital cities of Babylon" (Daniel 2:48).

and I was terrified about the vision Heb. וָאֶשְׁתּוֹמֵם עַל הַמַרְאֶה.

but no one realized that I was terrified because I restrained myself before the princes.