AND THE OFFICERS SHALL SPEAK FURTHER UNTO THE PEOPLE, AND THEY SHALL SAY: 'WHAT MAN IS THERE THAT IS FEARFUL.' According to the opinion of Rabbi Yosei the Galilean [who says, the fearful is someone who is afraid that he will fall in battle as punishment for his transgressions],1 after the priest had assured them that G-d would help them and that not one man of them will be lacking, it was fitting that the righteous put their trust in Him, [that He will help them not to be overthrown in battle]. Then, the officers warn those that are afraid [to go into battle] because of the transgressions they had committed. The Torah, therefore, gave everyone the opportunity of attributing his return home because of his house, his vineyard, or his wife, in order to serve as a pretext for others who are returning home because they are afraid of their transgressions. And the meaning of the expression lest he die in the battle [mentioned in each of the three categories]2 is that he will think so in his heart and he will flee [despite the fact that the priest had already assured them that no one would be lacking after the battle]. But in the opinion of the Rabbi Akiba [who says that fearful is he who cannot endure a pitched battle or bear to see a drawn sword,]3 the verse is to be understood in its simple meaning, that whoever is still afraid after the assurance of the priest, does not trust in G-d properly and the miracle [of being saved] will not be done for him [and therefore the Torah gave him the opportunity to return home].
FAINT-HEARTED. The meaning thereof is that it is not in his nature to see the stroke of the sword, and slaughter,4 for the fearful is he who does not trust, and Scripture commands him to return to his home because of his deficient trust. The faint-hearted is sent home because of the weakness of his nature, for he will flee or faint. Now the Rabbis have said in the Yerushalmi5 that "all who return home need to bring proof for their words," that is to say, they are to bring proof concerning the [new] house, the vineyard, or the wife before the captain of the host who then gives him permission to return home. Similarly they also said according to the opinion of Rabbi Yosei the Galilean [who says the fearful is he that is afraid because of his transgressions] that he needs to bring proof concerning the transgression he committed, for otherwise most of the people would have been returning home under false pleas. But according to Rabbi Akiba, the faint-hearted cannot endure pitched battle or bear to see a drawn sword,6 [the Yerushalmi states] he need not bring proof, "for his witnesses are with him" [i.e., everybody sees that he is fearful and faint-hearted].
LEST HIS BRETHREN'S HEART MELT AS HIS HEART. The author of the Hilchoth Gedoloth7 considered this verse a negative commandment, meaning that [if he is fearful and faint-hearted] he should not avoid returning home, lest he melt his brethren's heart like his own.8 It is similar to the verse, and its flesh shall not be eaten9 [which is counted among the negative commandments].10
1. Sotah 44a.
2. Verses 5-7.
3. Sotah 44a.
4. Esther 9:5.
5. Yerushalmi Sotah VIII, 9.
6. Sotah 44a.
7. See Vol. II, p. 350, Note 70.
8. In his Supplementary List of the negative commandments to Rambam's Sefer Hamitzvoth, Ramban comments on the opinion of the Hilchoth Gedoloth: "In that case the word yimas (melt) is to be understood as a transitive verb ['lest he cause his brethren's heart to melt' "] — Ramban's intent is to differ with Ibn Ezra who interpreted the word yimas as a passive [lest his brethren's heart 'be melted'] and the particle eth [yimas 'eth' l'vav echav] is redundant. Ramban's opinion, as based upon the Hilchoth Gedoloth, is that yimas is a transitive verb and the particle eth is a necessary part of the verse.
9. Exodus 21:28.
10. See "The Commandments," Vol. II, pp. 185-186.