[Parashat Vayishlach]
[1] [(Gen. 32:4 [3]:) THEN JACOB SENT MESSENGERS.1 This text is related (to Prov. 25:26): A MUDDY SPRING, A POLLUTED SOURCE, IS A RIGHTEOUS PERSON WHO WAVERS BEFORE SOMEONE WICKED.2 R. Judah b. R. Simon said: Just like a muddy spring and a polluted source, so it is when a righteous person wavers before someone wicked. Another interpretation: < Just as > it is possible for a spring to be muddy and a source to be polluted; < so > it is possible for a righteous person to waver before someone wicked. And who was this < waverer >? This was Jacob when he came from Paddan-aram. What does he < do > ? He sends out and says to Esau (according to Gen. 32:5 [4]): THUS YOU SHALL SAY TO MY LORD ESAU…. Ergo (in vs. 3): THEN JACOB SENT MESSENGERS.
[2]
(Gen. 32:4:) THEN JACOB SENT….] This text is related (to Prov. 26:17):
A PASSER-BY WHO MEDDLES IN A QUARREL NOT HIS OWN IS LIKE ONE WHO SEIZES A DOG BY THE EARS.
3 Who is this person? This is Jacob. When he had set out from his father's house, what is written (in Gen. 28:20)?
THEN JACOB VOWED A VOW. What did he say (ibid., cont.]:)?
IF GOD IS WITH ME < … > Thus did the Holy One respond to him (in vs. 15):
SEE I AM WITH YOU.
4 Our masters have said: He responded to him on every < point > except for sustenance.
5 R. Osha'ya said: He also responded to him for sustenance, since it is stated (in Gen. 28:15):
FOR I WILL NOT LEAVE YOU UNTIL ('D 'ShR) I HAVE DONE WHAT ('ShR) I PROMISED YOU. Why did he say two times: (
'ShR 'ShR)? He spoke, as it were, something difficult. R. Osha'ya said: The Holy One said to him: Blessed (rt.:
'ShR) am I and blessed (rt.:
'ShR) are you when I do this thing for you. Again he demanded < as a condition > (in Gen. 28:21):
AND IF I RETURN SAFELY. He said to him (in vs. 15):
AND I WILL BRING YOU BACK < UNTO THIS LAND >. R. Hanina b. R. Isaac said: Blessed (rt.:
'ShR) is one born of woman who has heard this from his Creator. See, whatever he demanded from his Creator he promised him. Then, with these promises, he sends and says (in Gen. 32:5 [4]):
THUS YOU SHALL SAY TO MY LORD ESAU. Ergo, it is well stated (in Prov. 25:26):
< A PASSER-BY WHO MEDDLES IN A QUARREL NOT HIS OWN IS > LIKE ONE WHO SEIZES A DOG BY THE EARS.
6
[3]
(Gen. 32:4:) THEN JACOB SENT ANGELS.
7 This text is related (to Ps. 91:11):
FOR HE WILL CHARGE HIS ANGELS TO PROTECT YOU IN ALL YOUR WAYS.
8 When? When one is in the land of Israel, angels who are in the land of Israel protect him.
9 And from whom do you learn this? From Jacob; for, when he desired to go abroad, what is written (in Gen. 28:12)?
THEN HE DREAMED THAT HERE WAS A LADDER…. AND BEHOLD, THE ANGELS OF GOD WERE ASCENDING AND DESCENDING ON IT. < The verse > should not have said < this > but "descending and ascending." After one descends, he ascends. Yet < here > it says:
ASCENDING AND DESCENDING! It said to him: Those angels who had been protecting him in the land of Israel had ascended while others descended to protect him while abroad. He did not stay. So, when he came from Paddan-aram, those angels who had protected him in the land of Israel descended. Thus it is stated (in Gen. 32:3 [2]):
WHEN JACOB SAW THEM (i.e., the angels), HE SAID: < THIS IS THE CAMP (mahaneh) OF GOD >, AND CALLED THE NAME OF THAT PLACE MAHANAIM (i.e., two camps). "
Mahaneh" (i.e., "camp" in the singular) is not written here but
MAHANAIM, < a dual form which means > "two camps," the former < which had kept him when abroad > and the latter < to protect him in the land of Israel >. What did Jacob do? When he wanted to send < messengers > to Esau, he took < them > from the one < camp > and from the other, and sent < them >, as stated (in vs. 4 [3]):
THEN JACOB SENT ANGELS. And do not be surprised; for behold, the youngest of his house spoke with the angel. Who was this? This was Joseph; for, when he said to him (in Gen. 37:14):
PLEASE GO AND SEE < HOW YOUR BROTHERS ARE FARING >…. < Then > what is written (in vs. 15):
THEN A MAN FOUND HIM….
10 What did he say to him (in vs. 17)?
THEN THE MAN SAID: THEY HAVE MOVED ON FROM HERE; < FOR I HEARD THEM SAYING: LET US GO TO DOTHAN >. What is the meaning of
DOTHAN (DTYNH)? That he was the same angel who protects the religion (
DT) of the Lord (
YH). So neither be surprised about Jacob sending angels nor about Joseph. Yes, even Hagar had the angels speak with her. What is written (in Gen. 21:17)?
AND AN ANGEL OF {THE LORD} [GOD] CALLED UNTO HAGAR. How many angels spoke with her? R. Levi said: < Five >,
11 but our masters have said three.
12 Now surely, if the slave woman talks with the angels, do not be surprised at Jacob having sent out angels. It is therefore written (in Gen. 32:4 [3]):
THEN JACOB SENT ANGELS.
[4] [(Gen. 32:4 [3]:) < THEN JACOB SENT ANGELS > BEFORE HIM UNTO HIS BROTHER ESAU.] What is the meaning of BEFORE HIM? < That > he (Esau) receives13 the kingdom BEFORE HIM because in this world the kingdom is his, but you are receiving it ultimately. (Ibid.:) UNTO HIS BROTHER ESAU. And the Holy Spirit says: Jacob is sending away unto Esau.14
(Ibid., cont.:) TO THE LAND OF SEIR IN THE FIELDS OF EDOM. [What is the meaning of TO THE LAND OF SEIR (rt.: S'R)?] That he makes one's hair (rt.: S'R) stand on end. TO THE FIELDS OF EDOM (rt.: 'DM).15 He is red (rt.: 'DM), his food is red, his warriors are red, his attire is red, his shields are red, his land is red, the one who stands up to him is red, and the one who exacts retribution from him is red in red attire. He is red (according to Gen. 25:25): THE FIRST (i.e., Esau) CAME FORTH RUDDY. His food is red (according to Gen. 25:30): < PLEASE LET ME GULP DOWN > SOME OF THIS RED RED STUFF. His warriors are red (according to Nahum 2:4): HIS WARRIORS' SHIELDS ARE RED. His attire is red (according to ibid., cont.): AND HIS SOLDIERS ARE CLOTHED IN CRIMSON. His shields are red (according to ibid.): HIS WARRIORS' SHIELDS ARE RED. His land is red (rt.: 'DM) (according to Gen. 32:4 [3]): TO THE LAND OF SEIR IN THE FIELDS OF EDOM (rt.: 'DM). The one who stands up to him is red. This is David (according to I Sam. 16:12): SO HE SENT AND BROUGHT HIM. NOW HE WAS RUDDY. And what < else > is written about him (in II Sam. 8:14)? HE PUT GARRISONS IN EDOM. And the < the Holy One >, who exacts retribution from him, is red (according to Cant. 5:10): MY BELOVED IS BRIGHT AND RUDDY. (Is. 63:1:) WHO IS THIS COMING FROM EDOM (rt.: 'DM)? < He comes > in red attire (according to vs. 2): WHY IS YOUR CLOTHING SO RED … ?
[5] (Gen. 32:5 [4]:) AND HE INSTRUCTED THEM, SAYING: THUS YOU SHALL SAY TO MY LORD ESAU. He called him MY LORD. Jeremiah has said (in Jer. 13:21): WHAT WILL YOU SAY WHEN HE SHALL APPOINT AS YOUR HEADS THOSE WHOM YOU HAD TAUGHT TO BE YOUR FRIENDS? R. Pinhas said: Antoninus gave Our Rabbi (Judah the Prince) the highest honors; but, when Our Rabbi sent me to him, he wrote him a letter and wrote in it: Your servant Judah asks about your welfare. But it displeased Antoninus, namely, that he called himself a servant. He said to him: Do not write again like this. Our Rabbi said to him: I write in such a way to you because I am no better than the patriarch Jacob. When he sent away to Esau, what did he say to him (according to Gen. 32:5 [4])? THUS SAYS YOUR SERVANT JACOB: I have not become an independent authority.16 (Ibid., cont.:) I LIVED WITH LABAN. Not one of the blessings with which your father blessed me has reached me.17 Your father blessed me (in Gen. 27:28): SO MAY GOD GIVE TO YOU OF THE DEW OF HEAVEN AND THE FAT PLACES OF THE EARTH; yet, I do not have one of them in hand. Rather (according to Gen. 32:6 [5]), I HAVE OX AND ASS, SHEEP, which are neither of the heavens nor of the earth. Do you hate me merely because of the blessings, [even though one has yet to reach me]? Did he have < only > one ox and one ass, in that it says (ibid.): I HAVE OX AND ASS … (in the singular)?18 R. Judah and R. Nehemiah differ. R. Judah says: It is a figure of speech, as in the case of one who says in a collective sense: Ass went; cock crowed.19 But R. Nehemiah said: < He spoke > to him, saying: Here am I, your servant Jacob, humbling myself before you. If you desire it, see, it is fine. But, if not, (ibid.:) I HAVE < AN > OX AND < AN > ASS < … >. [AN OX:] This is Joseph, as stated (of him in Deut. 33:17): LIKE A FIRSTLING OX HE HAS MAJESTY, < AND HIS HORNS ARE THE HORNS OF A WILD OX…. SUCH ARE THE MYRIADS OF EPHRAIM, AND SUCH ARE THE THOUSANDS OF MANASSEH >. There is an aggadic tradition that Esau will only fall at the hands of Rachel's children. Why? Because it is stated (in Jer. 49:20): SURELY THE YOUNGEST OF YOUR FLOCK SHALL DRAG THEM AWAY. These < youngest > are the children of Rachel. (Gen. 32:6 [5], cont.:) AND < AN > ASS. This is the Messianic King, as stated (in Zech. 9:9): REJOICE GREATLY, O DAUGHTER OF ZION, SHOUT ALOUD, O DAUGHTER OF JERUSALEM; < behold your king comes > … HUMBLE AND RIDING UPON AN ASS. (Gen. 32:6 [5], cont.:) A FLOCK. This is Israel, as stated (in Ezek. 34:31): FOR YOU, MY FLOCK, THE FLOCK OF MY PASTURE, YOU ARE HUMANS. (Gen. 32:6 [5], cont.:) MALE AND FEMALE SLAVES. This < also > refers to Israel, about which it is stated (in Ps. 123:2): BEHOLD, AS THE EYES OF MALE SLAVES < LOOK TO THEIR MASTER'S HAND, AS THE EYES OF A FEMALE SLAVE TO THE EYES OF HER MISTRESS, SO DO OUR EYES LOOK TO THE LORD OUR GOD >….
[6] (Gen. 32:7 [6]:) AND THE MESSENGERS RETURNED < UNTO JACOB, SAYING >: WE CAME UNTO YOUR BROTHER ESAU. What do you think about him? < Is he > your brother? He is Esau.20 (Ibid., cont.:) HE ALSO IS COMING TO MEET YOU. He is on the go all day, AND (ibid., cont.) FOUR HUNDRED PEOPLE ARE WITH HIM. What do you think about < the meaning of > AND FOUR HUNDRED PEOPLE ARE WITH HIM? R. Samuel bar Nahmani said: Each and every one of them was appointed over four hundred people.21 As soon as Jacob heard that, what is written (in Gen. 32:8 [7])? AND JACOB WAS < GREATLY > AFRAID.
Another interpretation (of Gen. 32:8 [7]):
AND JACOB WAS < GREATLY > AFRAID. Our masters have said: His body became like wax.
22 Moreover, the Holy Spirit cries out (in Prov. 24:10):
IF YOU ARE INDOLENT IN THE DAY OF DISTRESS (TsRH), YOUR STRENGTH IS WANTING (TsR). At that time the Holy One said to him (in Is. 41:10):
FEAR NOT, FOR I AM WITH YOU; BE NOT DISMAYED, FOR I AM YOUR GOD. I STRENGTHEN YOU, I HELP YOU…. I STRENGTHEN YOU through Michael;
I HELP YOU through Gabriel. (Ibid., cont.:)
AND I ALSO UPHOLD YOU THROUGH MY VICTORIOUS RIGHT HAND.
(Gen. 28:15:) SEE, I AM WITH YOU. At that time (according to Gen. 32:8 [7])
HE DIVIDED THE PEOPLE WHO WERE WITH HIM. What did he do? He armed them within and clothed them with linen without. He prepared himself in three things: in prayer, with a gift,
23 and for war. Where is it shown < that he prepared himself > with a gift? (In Gen. 32:22 [21]:)
AND SO THE GIFT (MNHH) PASSED ON BEFORE HIM…. Where is it shown < that he prepared himself > for war? (In Gen. 32:9 [8]:)
IF ESAU SHOULD COME < TO ONE CAMP (MHNH) AND DESTROY IT >…. Where is it shown < that he prepared himself > in prayer? (In Gen. 32:10 [9]:)
THEN JACOB SAID: O GOD OF MY FATHER ABRAHAM, AND GOD OF MY FATHER ISAAC…. What is written after that (in vss. 11-12 [10-111])?
I AM UNWORTHY OF ALL THE KINDNESSES AND ALL THE FIDELITY…. PLEASE DELIVER ME FROM THE HAND OF MY BROTHER, FROM THE HAND OF ESAU. The Holy One said to him: You have called to me. By your life, I will save you, according to what is stated (in Ps. 89:27 [26]):
HE SHALL CRY TO ME, YOU ARE MY FATHER, MY GOD, AND THE ROCK OF MY SALVATION.
[7] (Gen. 32:25 [24]:) SO JACOB WAS LEFT ALONE. What is written above of the matter (in vs. 8 [7])? THEN JACOB WAS VERY FRIGHTENED. WHEN THE HOLY ONE SAW HOW JACOB WAS DEPRESSED, < according to what > R. Berekhyah said, he sent four companies of angels to make war with Esau all night.24 < When > the first company came, < one of the angels > said to them (to Esau's people): To whom do you belong? They said to them: We are children of Isaac, and < the angels > assaulted25 him (Esau). He said to them:26 We are children of Abraham's children; they began assaulting him. When < Esau's people > said: We are brothers of Jacob, they began to leave them alone. Out of respect for Jacob we shall leave you alone. Thus (in Gen. 32:25 [24]): SO JACOB WAS LEFT ALONE. Now Jacob did not know how many miracles the Holy One had done for him. He did nothing; but, when he came in the morning, his brother Esau said to him (in Gen. 33:8): WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY ALL THIS HOST (MHNH) WHICH I HAVE MET? "Which I have seen" is not written here, but WHICH I HAVE MET. Now Jacob did not know that the Holy One had sent angels to him. Rather he was of the opinion that < Esau > had been occupied with the same gift (MNHH) that he had sent to him. He therefore had said to him < that it was meant > (as stated in ibid., cont.): TO FIND FAVOR IN THE EYES OF MY LORD (Esau). Then, when the Holy One saw that he was afraid, he sent Michael to him to engage in strife with him. What did the angel do with him? He appeared to him in the likeness of a shepherd.27 It is so stated (in Gen. 32:25-27 [24-26]): AND SOMEONE WRESTLED WITH HIM < UNTIL THE RISING OF THE DAWN >. WHEN HE SAW THAT HE HAD NOT PREVAILED AGAINST HIM, < HE WRENCHED HIS THIGH AT ITS SOCKET >…. THEN HE SAID: SEND ME AWAY < BECAUSE THE DAWN IS RISING >….
[8] Let our master instruct us. What sign28 did R. Jose ben Qisma give to his students when they were walking about in Tiberias? They said to R. Jose: Rabbi, when is the son of David coming?29 R. Jose said to them: If I tell you, you will seek a sign from him.30 They said to him: No. He said to them: See, this gate31 will be built and fall, be < re > built and fall, but they will not succeed in < re > building it until the son of David comes. Our masters said to R. Jose: We want a sign from you. He said to them: Behold, let the < water in > the cave of Paneas be turned to blood; and it was turned to blood in accord with his words.
Woe to the kingdom of Esau when the Holy One sees its works and arises to exact retribution from it. We have found in the case of Egypt that, when the Holy One exacted retribution from them, he exacted retribution from them in the early morning. Thus it is stated (in Exod. 14:24):
THEN IT CAME TO PASS IN THE MORNING WATCH < THAT THE LORD LOOKED DOWN AT THE HOST OF THE EGYPTIANS FROM THE PILLAR OF FIRE AND THE CLOUD AND CONFOUNDED THE HOST OF THE EGYPTIANS >. What is written about Assyria (in II Kings 19:35)?
< SO IT CAME TO PASS IN THAT NIGHT > THAT THE ANGEL OF THE LORD WENT OUT AND SMOTE < ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FIVE THOUSAND > IN THE CAMP OF ASSYRIA…. In the case of Media it was at the hands of Mordecai and Esther. In the case of Greece it was at the hands of Mattathias and his sons. But in the case of Edom the Holy One said: There is no creature who will exact retribution from it. I myself will exact retribution against it. Where is it shown? (In Obad. vs. 1-2:)
THE VISION OF OBADIAH. THUS SAYS THE LORD GOD TO EDOM: WE HAVE HEARD TIDINGS FROM THE LORD…. < BEHOLD I WILL MAKE YOU SMALL AMONG THE NATIONS >…. R. Berekhyah said: What did Obadiah see exacting retribution from Edom? He saw that, < if > the Holy One gives back recompense to those who love him, how much the more < would he do > so for those who hate him. So the Holy Spirit says through Eliphaz the Temanite (in Job 4:1-2):
THEN ANSWERED ELIPHAZ THE TEMANITE32 AND SAID: IF ONE TRIES YOU IN SOMETHING, DO YOU FIND IT TOO MUCH?33 Eliphaz said to Job: Here you say: In what way am I not like Abraham? Thus have you said (in Job 30:19):
< GOD > HAS CAST ME INTO THE MUD, AND I HAVE BECOME LIKE DUST AND ASHES.
34 Do you think that he is comparing you to him? R. Berekhyah said: Transpose the text and interpret it. (
Job 30:19a:)
AND I HAVE BECOME LIKE DUST AND ASHES < means >, "And he judges you like the generation of the dispersion (i.e., of the Tower of Babel), of which it is written in Gen. 11:3):
NOW THEY HAD BRICKS FOR STONE < AND BITUMEN FOR MORTAR >. (
Job 30:19a:)
< GOD > HAS CAST ME INTO THE MUD. Eliphaz said to him: Are your works like < those of > Abraham? Abraham was tried in ten trials and endured all of them, but you < have only been > in one trial.
(Job 4:2-3:) IF ONE TRIES YOU IN SOMETHING, DO YOU FIND IT TOO MUCH? < … > HERE YOU HAVE INSTRUCTED MANY. You would comfort all who were suffering. When a blind person came to you, you would say to him: The Holy One already knows what he is going to do. After all, he < was the one who > made that person blind. You also used to console him and say to him: If you had built a house and did not want to open windows, who would have protested your right? So the Holy One is going to be glorified in you, as stated (in Is. 35:5):
THEN THE EYES OF THE BLIND SHALL BE OPENED. When a deaf person would come to you, [you would comfort him and say to him:] If you want to make a juglet,
35 < but > did not want to make ears for it, who would protest your right? So the Holy One is going to be glorified in you, as stated (in ibid., cont.):
AND THE EARS OF THE DEAF SHALL BE OPENED. To a lame person you would say (in ibid., vs. 6):
THEN THE LAME SHALL LEAP LIKE A DEER. So you would comfort him. (According to Job 4:4:)
YOUR WORDS HAVE UPHELD THE STUMBLING. But now that it affects you, you are dismayed!
(Job. 4:5:) BUT NOW THAT < TROUBLE > HAS COME UNTO YOU, YOU FIND IT TOO MUCH….
(Job 4:6:) IS NOT YOUR GODLY FEAR YOUR CONFIDENCE? After all, you have said: I am a righteous person; so why does he punish me? Have you ever seen a righteous person perishing?
(Job 4:7:) PLEASE RECALL, WHAT INNOCENT ONE HAS PERISHED … ? Because Noah was righteous, he was saved from his generation. Abraham was saved from the furnace; Isaac was saved from the knife; Jacob was saved from the angel; Moses was saved from Pharaoh's sword.
(Job 4:7:) PLEASE RECALL, WHAT INNOCENT ONE HAS PERISHED … ? He delivered Israel from Egypt, but he destroyed the Egyptians (according to Job 4:8):
AS [I HAVE SEEN], THOSE WHO PLOW EVIL AND SOW TROUBLE, REAP IT. So what happened to them (according to vs. 9)?
BY THE BREATH (NShMT) OF GOD THEY PERISH. It is so stated (in Exod. 15:10):
YOU BLEW (NShMT) WITH YOUR WIND, AND THE SEA COVERED THEM. Also < with reference to > all the wicked who are going to arise, (according to Job 4:10) < there is >
A LION'S ROAR AND A FIERCE LION'S VOICE. Job said to him (to Eliphaz): Please look at your father, Esau. He said to him: I am not concerned with him. (According to Ezek. 18:20):
{THE} [A] SON SHALL NOT BEAR THE FATHER'S GUILT….
(Job 4:11:) THE STRONG LION PERISHES FOR LACK OF PREY. This < strong lion > is Esau in that he perishes for lack of < good > works. (
Ibid., cont.:)
AND THE OFFSPRING OF THE LIONESS ARE SCATTERED. These < offspring > are his chieftains. Job said to him: Now in your case, what do you have for yourself?
(Job 4:12:) NOW A WORD WAS SECRETLY BROUGHT UNTO ME. I am a prophet. My only concern with him is to rebuke you (according to vs. 13)
IN OPINIONS36 FROM NIGHT VISIONS. The Holy One said [to Eliphaz]: You have rebuked my servant Job through a vision. I am raising up a prophet from you who will exact punishment from your father's house (the Edomites) through a vision. [It is so stated (in Obad., vs. 1):
THE VISION OF OBADIAH.] So R. Samuel bar Nahmani said: What did Obadiah see, since he only prophesied against Edom? The Holy One said: Esau grew up between two righteous people
37 without learning from their works; but Obadiah dwelt between two wicked people
38 without learning from their works. Obadiah would come and exact punishment from Esau. Ergo (in Obad., vs. 1)
THE VISION OF OBADIAH. And what is written in his prophecy (in vs. 18)?
THE HOUSE OF JACOB SHALL BE FIRE, AND THE HOUSE OF JOSEPH A FLAME, AND THE HOUSE OF ESAU SHALL BE STRAW; THEY SHALL BURN IT AND CONSUME IT, AND THERE SHALL BE NO SURVIVOR TO THE HOUSE OF ESAU; FOR THE LORD HAS SPOKEN.
1. The bracketed portion extends through the first words of the next section.
2. Tanh., Gen. 1:3; Gen. R. 75:2.
3. Cf. Gen. R. 78:3.
4. Gen. R. 70:4 reports a discussion between R. Ayyevu and R. Jonathan over whether vss. 15 and 20 are disarranged or whether the Holy One simply anticipated Jacob’s vow.
5. Gk.: pronoos (“thinking beforehand”). Gen. R. 69:6.
6. The text from Proverbs seems to assume a situation like this: Jacob’s welfare was a matter between himself and his Creator; so why should he get involved with Esau.
7. In Hebrew the same word may be translated either as “angels” or as “messengers.”
8. Cf. Matthew 4:6.
9. So below, 9:2.
10. Cf. Gen. R. 84:14.
11. The figure comes from Codex Vaticanus Ebr. 34.
12. Cf. Gen. R. 45:7.
13. The translation has emended the text from nophel (“falls”) to notel (“receives”).
14. Two manuscripts read, “Alas, Jacob is sending away to Esau.”
15. Gen. R. 63:12; 75:4.
16. Gk.: authentes.
17. Cf. Gen. R. 75:11.
18. Cf. Gen. R. 75:6.
19. This is the interpretation of modem translations.
20. Cf. Rashi, ad loc.: You used to say: He is my brother, but he acts toward you like Esau the Wicked.
21. The interpretation comes from the words WITH HIM, which are understood to mean, “like him.” Thus, as Esau commanded four hundred, so did each of them command four hundred. So Gen. R. 75:7.
22. See Gen. R. 44:3; 65:19.
23. Gk.: doron.
24. Tanh., Gen. 8:3; Gen. R. 78:11.
25. The translation “assault,” here and in the next sentence, reads maphgi‘in for maphgishin (“bring together”).
26. Perhaps to another company of angels.
27. Gen. R. 77:2.
28. Gk.: semeion.
29. San. 98a; cf. Mark 8:11-12 & //s.
30. The text should probably read with Codex Vaticanus Ebr. 34: “seek a sign from me.”
31. The gate would likely be the one at Caesarea Philippi, the hometown of R. Jose. Its fall would symbolize the destruction of Roman power by the Parthians. See Sanh. 98a; Wm. Bacher, Die Agada der Tannaiten (Strassburg, 1884—1890), vol. 1, p. 142. Another possible interpretation is that the passage is alluding to a gate of the Jerusalem Temple, which had been destroyed twice. In that case R. Jose is prophesying that the Temple will be rebuilt in the age of the Davidic Messiah.
32. Eliphaz is identified as Esau’s eldest son in Gen. 36:4, 10-12, 15; 1 Chron. 1:35-36. Teman was a district of Edom.
33. This translation fits the context here better than a more traditional one, which would read, IF ONE VENTURES A WORD WITH YOU, WILL YOU FIND IT TOO MUCH?
34. Cf. Gen. 18:27, according to which Abraham said: AND I AM DUST AND ASHES.
35. Gk.: kothon.
36. The Hebrew word here is a homonym of the reading in Masoretic Text, which denotes THOUGHTS.
37. Jacob and Rebekah. So Sifre, Numb. 27:1 (133).
38. Ahab and Jezebel. So Sifre, Numb. 27:1 (133); Rashi on Sanh. 39b. See also Jerome’s introduction to his commentary on Obadiah.