[Parashat Ki Tisa]
[Siman 1]
When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel (Exod. 30:12). May our masters teach us: How many times each year did the Israelites bring their offerings to the Temple? Thus did our masters teach us: They brought them three times a year; on the first day of the months of Nisan, Iyar, and Elul.
1 On the first day of the months of Nisan and Iyar the offerings for the Temple treasury would be collected and the priests would approach the altar to seek forgiveness for the sins of Israel with the shekels they had contributed. But why did they do so three times a year? In order that all the Israelites might be involved, throughout the year, in giving their contributions. Why did they begin to accumulate their contributions on the first day of Adar,
2 though they did not bring it in until the first day of Nisan? It was done that way so that the offering would not become an unbearable hardship for the Israelites. Hence they (the priests) would remind the Israelites on the first day of the month of Adar (to prepare their offerings).
Solomon exclaimed:
The way of the sluggard is as though hedged by thorns; but the path of the upright is even (Prov. 15:19). Scripture is referring in this verse to the wicked Esau. Just as the thorns from a bush that cling to a man’s garment will cling to another part of the garment when he tries to brush them off, so the government of Esau (Rome), while still collecting a crop tax from Israel, would impose a head tax. And even before the head tax was fully collected, it would impose a levy for the care of its soldiers. The Holy One, blessed be He, did not do that:
For the path of the upright is even, made level before Israel.
They announced (the obligation) on the first day of Adar, and then it was collected (by the priests) on the first day of Nisan. How much did they collect? A half-shekel (the head-tax for the Temple). And how much was it? It was equal to half a sela. They were collected only to make it possible to atone for the sins of Israel. They would purchase the daily burnt offerings with the contribution. Because the Holy One, blessed be He, foresaw that in every census Israel would take in the future, some of them would be missing (as a punishment for the census).3 He ordained the shekel offering as a remedy so that it might atone for them and no plague would befall them.
[Siman 2]
When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel (Exod. 30:12). Scripture states elsewhere in allusion to this verse:
Thy navel is like a round goblet, thy belly is like a heap of wheat set about with lilies, wherein no mingled wine is wanting (Song 7:3).
Thy navel refers to the Sanhedrin. But why did they call the Sanhedrin a navel? Just as the navel is located in the center of a man’s body, so the Sanhedrin met in a chamber of hewn stone in the center of the Temple. Furthermore, just as the child, whose mouth is closed while within its mother’s womb, is sustained through the navel, so the Israelites were sustained only by virtue of the Sanhedrin. Hence they likened it to a navel. The word
round indicates that just as the navel is round, so the Sanhedrin sat in a semicircular room.
The meeting place of the Sanhedrin was called a sahar (“goblet”) because it resembled a sohar (“store”). For just as you are able to find whatever you need in a store, so the Sanhedrin decided what was pure and impure, fit and unfit, permitted and forbidden.
Wherein no mingled wine is wanting. If one of the members of the Sanhedrin found it necessary to leave the meeting to satisfy his physical needs, he would first look about to see if twenty-three members were in attendance.4 If there were, he would leave, but if not, he would not depart. Thy belly is like a heap of wheat. Just as there is in a heap of wheat life for the world, so the world was sustained through the merit of the Sanhedrin. Another explanation. R. Johanan said: Thy belly is like a heap of wheat alludes to the Book of Leviticus, which contains the means for attaining atonement for guilt and sinful acts. It holds (a heap of) sin (het) offerings and (a heap of) guilt offerings. He placed it in the middle of the Torah, with all its offerings.5 In that way it resembles a heap of wheat (hittim).
R. Simeon the son of Lakish said: Why is it (Israel) compared to wheat? Just as wheat piles up when poured into a measure, so the elders, the students, the wise, and the pious increase in number when a census is taken.
Thy belly is like a heap of wheat. R. Idi said: Is not a heap of cedar cones more beautiful than a heap of wheat? Why does this verse say a heap of wheat? They replied: The world cannot exist on cedar cones if it lacks wheat. Hence it says: Thy belly is like a heap of wheat.
Set about with lilies. Does a man ever fence in his fields with lilies? Does he not normally fence in his fields with thorns and thistles, with pits and thornbushes? What then is the meaning of
Set about with lilies? This refers to numerous commandments that are as sensitive as lilies. For example, a man is extremely anxious to enter his bridal chamber, for no day is dearer to him than that day. It is the day on which he rejoices with his bride. What does he do? He spends a considerable amount of money to set up the bridal chamber and he comes to have intercourse with her. But if she says to him: “I have seen something like a red lily (i.e., the blood of menstruation), he draws away from her. He turns his face to one side and she to the other. What compelled him to turn from her? Was it a snake biting him, a scorpion stinging him, or a thorn between them? No, only the words of the Torah, since it is said:
And thou shalt not approach a woman to uncover her nakedness, as long as she is impure by her uncleanness (Lev. 18:19). Hence it is written:
Set about like lilies.
[Siman 3]
When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel (Exod. 30:12). R. Tanhuma the son of Abba began the discussions with the verse
Sweet is the sleep of a laboring man, whether he eat little or much; but the satiety of the rich will not suffer him to sleep (Eccles. 5:11). They said to Solomon after he spoke these words: Surely you must be jesting, inasmuch as it is written concerning you:
For he was wiser than all men (I Kings 5:11). And now you say:
Sweet is the sleep of a laboring man, whether he eat little or much. Is it not a fact that anyone who is hungry because he ate only a little cannot sleep, while one who eats much sleeps well? He replied: I am speaking here only of righteous men and those who labor in (study) of the law. For example, a man who lives only thirty years may have devoted himself from his tenth year until the day of his death to the law and the commandments, while another man, who lives eighty years, may have devoted himself to the law and the commandments from his tenth year to the day of his death. You might say: Woe to the first one, who labored only twenty years in the law, while the other devoted himself to it for seventy years. Surely the Holy One, blessed be He, will give him a greater reward than He will give to him who labored in the law only twenty years. Hence I said:
Whether he eat little or much. For the one who had devoted twenty years to the Torah might well say to the Holy One, blessed be He: “If you had not removed me from this world in the prime of my life, I would have had additional years to devote to the law and the commandments.” Therefore I repeat:
Whether he eat little or much, the reward of one is equal to the reward of the other.
R. Hanina said: A proof of this is the fact that though Moses served Israel in Egypt and in the desert for forty years and lived one hundred and twenty years, while Samuel lived only fifty-two years, and bore the burdens and pains of Israel (for only part of that time), Scripture treats them equally, as it is said:
Moses and Aaron among His priests, and Samuel among them that called upon His name (Ps. 99:6). Hence,
Sweet is the sleep of the laboring man, whether he eat little or much.
R. Levi stated: This may be compared to a king who pays his workers for the labor they perform. The king called one of them from the work he was performing to take a stroll. That evening, when the workers came for their pay, the worker who had taken the stroll with the king also came for his. If the king should say to him: “You worked with the others for only two hours; go finish your time,” he could reply: “If you had not interrupted and taken me from my work, my pay would have been even greater than theirs.” Similarly the Holy One, blessed be He, may His name be blessed, is a King, and those who labor in the Torah are His workers. One who has devoted himself to the Torah for fifty or thirty or twenty years is able to say: “If you had not taken me from this world, I would still be occupied in the study of the Torah.” Hence Solomon said: Whether he eat little or much his reward is the same.
Then they said to him: You declared also that The satiety of the rich will not suffer him to sleep. What can this mean? Certainly it permits him to sleep. In fact, a man sated with food falls asleep more quickly (than others). Solomon replied: I was speaking about those who possess the riches of the Torah and not material possessions. For example, a man who is distinguished and wealthy in the knowledge of the Torah will teach many students and disseminate his knowledge among the masses, and he is satisfied (in his knowledge) of Torah. And when he dies, the disciples he raised do not permit him to be forgotten. They sit and labor in the Torah, the Talmud, the law, and the Aggadah, quoting the law in his name and recalling him to mind constantly. They do not permit him to sleep undisturbed in his grave.
R. Simeon the son of Lakish, R. Akiba, and R. Simeon the son of Yohai said: His disciples do not permit him to sleep undisturbed in his grave, as it is said:
Moving gently the lips of those that are asleep (Song 7:10). Hence,
The satiety of the rich will not suffer him to sleep. Similarly, Moses taught the Torah to the Israelites, trained them in the observance of the law, arranged the order of the chapters of the Torah, and assigned the chapters to be read each Sabbath, on Rosh Hodesh, and on holy days. And they call him to mind as they read each Torah portion.
With reference to the portion Shekalim, Moses had said to the Holy One, blessed be He: Master of the Universe, when I die I shall not be remembered. The Holy One, blessed be He, replied: Be assured that just as you stand here now, giving them the portion containing Shekalim, thereby lifting their heads upright,
6 every year when they read it before Me, it will be as though you were standing in that place and lifting their heads upright. How do we know this? From what they shall read concerning this matter in the verse
And the Lord spoke to Moses saying: “When thou liftest up the head of the children of Israel” (Exod. 30:11). “Lift up the head” is not said, but rather
when thou liftest up.
7
[Siman 4]
When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel (Exod. 30:12). Scripture states elsewhere:
Many there are that say of my soul: “There is no salvation for him in God.” Selah. But Thou, O Lord, art a shield about me; my glory, and the lifter up of my head (Ps. 3:3–4). R. Samuel the son of Ammi and the rabbis discussed this verse. R. Samuel the son of Ammi contended that this verse refers to Doeg and Ahithophel, who were masters of the Torah.
That say of my soul suggests that they would say to David: Can a man who captures a lamb and then kills the shepherd
8 causing Israel to fall before the sword gain salvation, since it is written:
There is no salvation for him in God. Selah.
Then David cried out:
But Thou, O Lord, as if to say, O You who art Master of the world, Your law agrees with them, for You said:
The adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death (Lev. 20:10).
But art a shield about me refers to the merit of my ancestors.
My glory indicates that you have restored me to kingship; and
Lifter up of my head implies that though I was guilty of murder, You permitted me to lift up the head; that is, to be forgiven through Nathan the prophet, for he said:
The Lord also has put away thy sin; thou shalt not die (II Sam. 12:13).
9
However, the rabbis held that this verse refers to the nations of the world. The idolaters are many (
rabim), as it is written:
The uproar of many peoples (Isa. 17:12). They said to Israel: You are a nation that heard at Sinai:
I am the Lord Thy God, thou shalt have no other gods before Me (Exod. 20:3), yet at the end of forty days you said of a calf:
This is your god, O Israel (ibid. 32:4). How can they enjoy salvation, since it says:
There is no salvation for him in God (Ps. 3:3)?
But Thou, O Lord, art a shield about me suggests that Israel cried out: Master of the Universe, do You agree with them, since You have said:
He that sacrificeth unto the gods shall be utterly destroyed (Exod. 22:19)?
A shield about me alludes to the merit of the fathers;
my glory implies that You will cause your Shekhinah to dwell in our midst when You said:
Build Me a Sanctuary that I may dwell among them (ibid. 25:8); and
lifter up of the head indicates that instead of sentencing us to destruction, You permitted us to lift up the head, that is, to be forgiven because of Moses, as it is said:
Thou liftest up the head.
R. Jacob the son of Yohai, in the name of R. Jonathan, explained the text:
And man boweth down, and man lowereth himself (Isa. 2:9).
And man boweth down alludes to the Israelites, as it is said:
And ye My sheep, the sheep of My pasture, are men (Exod. 34:31), while
man lowereth himself refers to Moses, as it is said:
Now the man Moses was very meek (Num. 12:3). Moses cried out: Master of the Universe, I know that Israel lowered itself before a calf, but I too lowered myself; will You not forgive them? He replied: You will forgive them. Hence,
When thou takest the sum (forgivest them).
10
[Siman 5]
When thou takest the sum (Exod. 30:12).11 R. Jonah began to discuss the verse
For God is judge; He putteth down one, and lifteth up another (Ps. 75:8). A Roman matron asked R. Yosé the son of Halafta: “In how many days did the Holy One, blessed be He, create the world?” “In six days,” he replied, “as it is said:
For in six days the Lord made the heaven and the earth (Exod. 20:11).” “What has he been doing since that time?” she queried. “He has been uniting couples and making one man wealthy and another poor,” he responded. Whereupon she retorted: “I too am able to do this. I have many slaves and maid servants, and I can couple them all on this very night. What He has been doing since the time of creation, I can do easily in one hour.” “It may appear a simple matter to you,” he replied, “but to Him it is as difficult as splitting the Red Sea, for it is written:
God maketh the solitary to dwell in a house (Ps. 68:7).”
He left her and went on his way. What did she do? She took a thousand male slaves and a thousand female slaves and had them stand face to face in two rows. This male slave, she commanded, shall take this one as his wife, and this one shall take the other, and she continued to do this until she had coupled them all on that one night. When they returned in the morning, one had lost an eye, another had suffered a head wound, and a third one’s leg was broken. One shouted: “I do not want him as my husband,” while another exclaimed: “I do not want her as my wife.” Thereupon she summoned R. Yosé. When he came to her she said: “I agree that your God is a God of truth, and that His law is the truth, and that everything you have said is indeed so.” He said to her: “The Holy One, blessed be He, sits and joins them together even against their will. He binds a chain about the neck of one and brings him from one end of the earth to the other to couple him with his mate, as it is said:
God maketh the solitary to dwell in a house; He bringeth out the prisoners into prosperity (Ps. 68:7).”
What does
bakosharot (“prosperity”) imply? The one who is not pleased (with his mate) weeps, the one who is pleased sings. Hence the word
bakosharot (from
beki, “weeping,” and
shirot, “songs”) is used in the text. He causes one to ascend the ladder and another to descend. Thus it is said:
For God is judge; He putteth down this one, and lifteth up this one (Ps. 76:8).
R. Jonah of Bozrah and the rabbis disagreed concerning the meaning of this verse. The rabbis maintained that it refers to Aaron. Because of the word
this (in the preceding verse) he was humbled, as it is said:
And I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf (Exod. 32:24), and because of the word
this he was exalted, as is said:
This is the offering of Aaron and of his sons (Lev. 6:13). R.Jonah, however, was of the opinion that this verse refers to Israel: With the word
this they debased themselves, and with the word
this they exalted themselves. With the word
this they debased themselves in saying:
As for this man Moses (Exod. 32:1), and with the word
this they exalted themselves, as it is said:
This they shall give (ibid. 30:13). Scripture states elsewhere:
Righteousness exalteth a nation; but sin is a reproach to any people (Prov. 14:34). R. Joshua said:
Righteousness exalteth a nation, but sin is a reproach to any people is indicated by the fact that when Israel sinned, the nations of the world turned against them and enslaved them.
R. Nahuniah the son of Hakanah maintained that
righteousness exalteth a nation alludes to Israel, while
sin is a reproach to any people is applicable to the idolatrous nations that sinned against Israel. From whom do you learn this? You learn it from Mesha, king of Moab, for it is said:
Now Mesha king of Moab was a sheep-master (II Kings 3:4). What is meant by a
noked (“sheep-master”)? He was shepherd, for it is said:
And he rendered unto the king of Israel the wool of a hundred thousand lambs and a hundred thousand rams (ibid.). What is meant by
the wool of rams? R. Abba the son of Kahana said: Sheep. What did he do? He assembled all his astrologers and said to them: “I have a problem, tell me what to do. Should I wage war together with all the nations against Israel and exile them, or should I wage war alone against Israel so that the victory might be mine alone?’ They replied: “Israel had a patriarch called Abraham who was given a child when he was one hundred years old, and he offered him as a sacrifice.” He asked them: “Was the sacrifice completed?” “No,” they answered. He replied: “He offered a sacrifice that was not completed and yet He performed miracles for them, how many more miracles would He have performed if the sacrifice had been completed. Now, since I have a firstborn son who will rule in my stead, I shall offer him as a sacrifice, and perhaps a miracle will be performed in my behalf.” Hence it is written:
Then he took his eldest son that should have reigned in his stead, and offered him for a burnt-offering upon the wall, and there came a great wrath upon Israel (II Kings 3:27–28).
Homah (“wall”) is written here, since he prostrated himself toward the hamah (“sun”) (in performing the sacrifice). Forthwith there came a great wrath upon Israel. The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Israel: The idolaters do not acknowledge My glory, and so they rebel against Me, but you, who acknowledged My glory, rebel against Me as well.
R. Mani stated: Were it not for the merit of Obadiah’s wife, Israel would have been exterminated at that time:
Now there cried a certain woman of the wives of the sons of the prophets unto Elisha (II Kings 4:1).
R. Huna said: Whatever justice and kindness the idolaters perform is as dangerous to Israel as the poison of a serpent. From whom does one learn this? From Berodach, who would eat every day at the third hour of the day and would sleep until the ninth hour. Once, during the time of Hezekiah, he was allowed to sleep through the sun’s return on its track.
12 When he awakened and discovered that it was morning, he wanted to slay all his servants. He asked them: “Why did you permit me to sleep through a whole day and night?” They replied: “The God of Hezekiah is the greatest of all the gods in the world.”
Then Berodach-baladan, the son of Baladan, king of Babylon, sent a letter and a present unto Hezekiah (II Kings 20:12). He wrote: “Peace to Hezekiah the king, peace to Jerusalem, and peace to the great God.” As the scribes were about to depart, he became uneasy. He said to himself: “Did I not do wrong in mentioning the peace of Hezekiah and of the city before addressing the great God?” He arose from his throne, took three steps to recall the scribes, and wrote another letter to replace it. This time he said: “Peace to the great God, peace to Jerusalem, and peace to Hezekiah.”
The Holy One, blessed be He, then said to him: Because you arose and took three steps for the sake of My honor, I will cause three kings to descend from you who will rule from one end of the earth to the other. They were Nebuchadnezzar, Evil-Merodach, and Belshazzar. However, when these came to power they blasphemed, and so the Holy One, blessed be He, destroyed them and caused others to arise in their place. The rabbis said: Righteousness exalteth a nation refers to the free-will gifts that Israel brought to the Temple. Therefore He granted them forgiveness through Moses. And He said: When thou takest the sum.
[Siman 6]
R. Yudan opened the discussion with the verse: The tongue of the righteous is as choice silver; the heart of the wicked is little worth (Prov. 10:20). The tongue of the righteous is as choice silver alludes to the prophet Iddo.
The heart of the wicked is little worth refers to Jeroboam. Scripture states:
And behold, there came a man of God out of Judah by the word of the Lord unto Beth-el, and Jeroboam was standing by the altar to offer; and he cried against the altar by the word of the Lord, and said: “O altar, altar” (I Kings 13:1–2). Why is the word
altar repeated twice? R. Abba the son of Kahana said: Because there were two altars, one at Bethel and one at Dan. Why did he say:
Behold, a son shall be born to the house of David, Josiah by name; and upon thee shall he sacrifice the priests of the high places that offer upon thee, and man’s bones shall be burnt upon thee? (ibid., v. 2)? It does not say in the verse “the bones of Jeroboam” but rather
man’s bones. You learn from this that he (the prophet) was respectful toward the government.
And it came to pass, when the king heard the saying of the man of God, which he cried against the altar in Beth-el, that Jeroboam put forth his hand from the altar, saying: “Lay hold on him.” And his hand, which he put forth against him, dried up, so that he could not draw it back (ibid., vv. 4–5).
R. Huna declared: Blessed be the name of the Holy One, blessed be He, who endures much from His creatures, yet protects the honor of His righteous ones. When Jeroboam arose and sacrificed to idols, his hand did not shrivel up, but when he stretched forth his hand against the righteous man, his hand did shrivel up.
And the king answered and said unto the man of God: “Entreat now the favor of the Lord thy God, and pray for me” (ibid., v. 6). Two amoraim
13 discussed this verse. One commented that he said
thy God and not “my God.” The other retorted: How could he call Him “my God” while he stood and sacrificed before an idol whom he addressed as “my god”? Nevertheless
The man of God entreated the Lord, and the king’s hand was restored, and became as it was before (ibid.). What is meant by
as it was before? R. Judah the son of Simon began the discussion with the verse in the name of R. Joshua the son of Levi:
Though thou brayest a fool in mortar with a pestle among groats, yet will not his foolishness depart from him (Prov. 27:22). That is to say, it will have no effect (on the fool, he learns nothing). Likewise he had previously sacrificed to an idol, and he did so again.
Another comment on
The tongue of the righteous is as choice silver (Prov. 10:30). This refers to the Holy One, blessed be He, who chose the tongue of Moses when he told him:
When thou takest the sum (to obtain forgiveness). What is written above concerning this very matter?
And Aaron shall make atonement upon the horns of it once in the year (Exod. 30:10). After Israel had sinned, the Holy One, blessed be said to Moses: Go, atone for them. Whereupon Moses replied: Did You not say to me
once in the year? The Holy One, blessed be He, replied: Go lift up their heads (obtain forgiveness) now. Then Moses said to the Holy One, blessed be He: Master of the Universe, when they do good let them be at rest, but when they are without merit, as though that were possible, let them be forgiven once a year in order that the Day of Atonement may come and atonement be made for them, as it is said:
For on that day shall atonement be made for you (Lev. 16:30).
[Siman 7]
When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel (Exod. 30:12). R. Yosé the son of Hanina said: This verse indicated to him that in the future he would bring the first of the tribes to the Shekhinah. But which one was the first tribe? It is Reuben, as it is said:
Let Reuben live and not die (Deut. 33:6). This is what is meant by
Thou liftest up the head (rosh) of the children of Israel; i.e. he lifted up the first (
rishon) of the tribes.
[Siman 8]
When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel (Exod. 30:12). R. Judah said in the name of R. Samuel the son of Nahman: This may be compared to a king who has many silk garments. He tells one of his stewards: “This robe looks better on me than any of the others. Remember that when I wore it for the coronation ceremonies, it clung firmly to my body and gave me a distinguished appearance.” In the same way, the Holy One, blessed be He, told Moses: Bear in mind that Israel cleaves to my loins, as it is said:
For as the girdle cleaveth to the loins of man, so have I caused to cleave to Me the whole house of Israel (Jer. 13:11). They acknowledged My authority and said:
The Lord shall reign forever and ever (Exod. 15:18). Because of their great love for Me, I have descended from the heavenly sphere to the earthly sphere and shall dwell behind the curtain of goats’ hair.
Moses cried out: My master, You did not command me about even one of the seventy nations, only concerning Israel:
When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel, Unto the children of Israel thou shalt speak, And unto the children of Israel thou shalt say, Command the children of Israel, Speak unto the children of Israel. You commanded me to do this only to the children of Israel. He replied to him: I did so because they are dearer to me than all the nations. They are My treasure, I love them and have chosen them, as it is said:
And the Lord hath chosen thee to be his own treasure out of all peoples (Deut. 14:2). Observe how precious they are that they are mentioned five times in a single verse:
I have given the Levites—
they are given to Aaron and his sons from among the children of Israel, to do the service of the children of Israel in the Tent of Meeting, and to make atonement for the children of Israel, that there be no plague among the children of Israel, through the children of Israel coming nigh unto the Sanctuary (Num. 8:19).
R. Simeon the son of Yohai said: This may be compared to a king who has engaged a tutor for his son. He would summon him repeatedly and ask him: “Has my son eaten, has my son had a drink, has my son left for school, has my son returned from school?” In the same way, the Holy One, blessed be He, desired to remind the children of Israel each hour (about their relationship to Him).
R. Judah the son of Simon said: This may be compared to one who is fashioning a crown. A man passing by sees it and tells him to set many precious stones and beautiful pearls in it, so that in the future it might rest upon the head of a king. Similarly the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses: Do whatever is in your power to glorify Israel and to praise them before Me, for I am to be glorified through them, as it is said:
And He said unto me: “Thou art My servant Israel, through whom I will be glorified” (Isa. 49:3).
[Siman 9]
When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel according to their number (Exod. 30:12).14 The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses:
Take the sum of the children of Israel. He replied: My master, it is written:
And Thy seed shall be as the dust of the earth (Gen. 28:14), and it is written elsewhere:
And make Thy seed as the sand of the sea (ibid. 32:13), yet you tell me now to do this. He answered: If you want to know their number, you need only add together the first letter of the names of each of the tribes and this will give you their number. The resh in the word Reuben stands for two hundred thousand; the
shin in Simeon stands for three hundred thousand, the
yods in the names Judah, Issachar, and Joseph total thirty thousand, the
nun in Naphtali accounts for fifty thousand, the
zayin in Zebulun’s name is seven thousand, the
daled in Dan is four thousand, the
gimmel in Gad is three thousand, the
bet in Benjamin is two thousand, and the
alef in Asher is one thousand—totaling five hundred and ninety-seven thousand in all. The three thousand not accounted for were slain at the time of the episode of the golden calf, as it is said:
And the sons of Levi did according to the words of Moses; and there fell of the people on that day about three thousand men (Exod. 32:28). Hence the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses: You are taking the count to learn how many are missing. R. Menahem said in the name of R. Bebai: This may be compared to a king who had many sheep. When wolves attacked and destroyed some of them, the king told his shepherd: “Count the sheep and find out how many are missing.” Likewise, the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses: Go, count the Israelites, and find out how many are missing.
A census of Israel was taken on ten different occasions. The first occurred when they descended to Egypt, as is said:
Thy fathers went down into Egypt with three score and ten persons (Deut. 10:29). Again, when they came out of Egypt, as it is said:
And the children of Israel journeyed from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand men (Exod. 12:37). Once in the Book of Numbers (it was taken) with reference to the standards
(Num. 2:21); once with regard to the spies
(Num. 13);
15 in the days of Joshua when the land was divided
(Josh. 18:10); twice in the time of Saul, as is said:
And he numbered them with lambs in Telaim (I Sam. 14:4) and
He numbered them with pebbles in Bezek (ibid. 11:8). What is indicated by the word
Telaim? When they were prosperous, he counted them by means of their lambs (
telayim), but when they were poor in deeds, he counted them with stones. What is
bezek? It is a stone. He took a stone for each one of them and then totaled the stones. A census was taken in the days of David, as is said:
Joab gave up the sum, the number of the people to the king (II Sam. 24:9); and again at the time of Ezra:
The whole congregation together was forty and two thousand, three hundred and three score (Ezra. 2:14). In the time-to-come (a census will be taken), as is said:
The flock shall again pass into the hands of Him that counteth them (Jer. 33:13), and in this instance:
When thou takest the sum.
R. Menahem said in the name of R. Bebai, in the name of R. Hiyya the son of Abba in the name of R. Eliezer the son of Johanan: It is stated:
And the number of the children of Israel shall be as the sand of the sea (Hos. 2:1). Why were the children of Israel compared to the sand of the sea? To inform us that just as a hole dug in the sand of the sea at evening time fills up again by morning, so the thousands lacking at the time of David would be replaced by the time of his son Solomon, as it is said:
Judah and Israel were many, as the sand which is by the sea in multitude (I Kings 4:20).
R. Eliezer said in the name of R. Yosé the son of Zimra: Whenever the Israelites were counted because it was essential to do so, none were lacking, but whenever they were counted when there was no need (to do so), some were missing. When were they counted to meet a need? When Moses took the census. When were they counted unnecessarily? At the time of David.
Then they shall give every man a ransom for his soul unto the Lord (Exod. 30:12). This occurred at the time of Moses:
That there be no plague among them (ibid.), but there was no plague at the time of David.
[Siman 11]
When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel … then shall they give every man a ransom (Exod. 30:12). When Moses heard this, he said:
Skin for skin, yea, all that a man hath he will give for his life (Job 2:4). R. Judah the son of Ilai stated: When Moses heard this he began to reflect upon it, and said to himself: Since we find that the soul of a man may be redeemed with a talent of silver, as is said:
Then shall thy life be for his life, or else thou shall pay a talent of silver (I Kings 20:39), let each Israelite give a talent of silver. R. Johanan posed the query: From what source do we learn the penalty for debasing the reputation of a person? He explained: From the fact that Scripture states:
And they shall fine him a hundred shekels of silver, and give them unto the father of the damsel, because he has brought an evil name upon a virgin of Israel (Deut. 22:19). Similarly, we brought an evil name (upon God) when we said of the golden calf:
This is thy God, O Israel; therefore let each Israelite give a silver piece.
R. Simeon the son of Levi said: Moses learned it from the law concerning (a woman) who has been violated, as it is stated:
Then the man that lay with her shall give unto the damsel’s father fifty shekels of silver (ibid., v. 29). Since we have violated the word that the Holy One, blessed be He, spoke to us:
Thou shalt have no other gods before Me (Exod. 20:3), and erected the calf, let each of us give fifty pieces of silver. Others say he learned it from the law of enticement, as it is said:
And if a man entice a virgin that is not betrothed, he shall surely pay dowry for her (Deut. 22:15). The dowry one pays for a virgin (who has been enticed) is fifty pieces of silver. Hence, since they enticed Him with their mouths and deceived Him with their tongues,
For their heart was not steadfast with Him, neither were they faithful in His covenant (Ps. 78:37), let each one give fifty shekels of silver.
R. Judah the son of Simon contended that he learned it from the law concerning the ox that gored. It is said:
If the ox gore a bondman or a bondwoman, he shall give thirty shekels of silver (Exod. 21:32), and since we replaced Him with an ox (i.e the golden calf), as is said:
Thus they exchanged their glory for the likeness of an ox that eateth grain (Ps. 106:20), each one shall give thirty shekels of silver. The Holy One, blessed be He, knew what was in Moses’ heart, and so He showed him with His finger, as is said:
Moses, this they shall give, that is, this amount they shall give.