[14] (Gen. 19:1:)
THEN THE TWO ANGELS CAME TO SODOM IN THE EVENING…. Let our master instruct us: How many < methods for > executions are given over to the court?
1 Four, and these are (according to
Sanh. 7:1)
STONING, BURNING, BEHEADING, AND STRANGULATION.
2 And which is the most severe? Our masters have said: Stoning. R. Simeon ben Johay says: Burning, because it was inflicted on a priest's daughter who had committed adultery. See how serious sexual perversion is when < it is punished > by burning. R. {Simeon} [Joshua] ben Levi said in the name of Bar Qappara: The Holy One granted atonement for everything except sexual perversion, as stated (in Prov. 6:29):
NO ONE WHO TOUCHES HER WILL BE CLEANSED. R. Joshua bar Nehemiah said: The Sodomites also were liable to fire because they had erupted into sexual perversion. Thus it is stated (in Gen. 19:24):
THEN THE LORD RAINED DOWN UPON SODOM AND UPON GOMORRAH BRIMSTONE AND FIRE. When they were found guilty, the Holy One said to the angels: Why are you standing about? Go and destroy them. They immediately descended and carried out the
keleusis3 {i.e., the command} of their Creator. Where is it shown? From what they read on the matter
(Gen. 19:1):
THEN THE TWO ANGELS CAME TO SODOM < IN THE EVENING >.
[15] (Gen. 19:1:)
IN THE EVENING. What is the meaning of
IN THE EVENING? That the Sodomites were dark like the night.
4 Another interpretation:
IN THE EVENING (ba'erev). The evening of Sodom had arrived.
5 (Ibid., cont.:)
AND LOT WAS SITTING AT THE GATE OF SODOM, as he had learned from the practice of Abraham. What is written here (in Gen. 18:2) about Abraham?
WHEN HE SAW THEM HE RAN < FROM > THE DOOR OF HIS TENT TO MEET THEM < AND BOWED DOWN TO THE EARTH >. Solomon has said in
(Prov. 22:6):
TRAIN A CHILD IN THE WAY HE SHOULD GO. Because Lot had grown up in Abraham's house, he had acquired < Abraham's > moral standards. < Thus > (in Gen. 19:1, cont.):
AND HE BOWED DOWN WITH HIS FACE TO THE GROUND. Just as Abraham had done, he brought them into his house. What is written (in vss. 4-5)?
BEFORE THEY LAY DOWN … AND THEY CALLED UNTO LOT … < BRING THEM OUT UNTO US THAT WE MAY KNOW THEM >. The angels began to be astonished, saying: The matter has reached us! Now < there is > much on the subject < that is being passed over > merely in order not to bother you. What did they finally do? One of them rescued Lot, and one of them destroyed Sodom.
6 Now perhaps you will say: He destroyed it with one of his hands. No, < it was > merely with one finger, which is one of five on the hand. Thus it is stated (in Job 28:9):
HE PUT OUT HIS HAND BAHALLAMISH.
7 In the world to come the Holy One will heal it (i.e., Sodom);
8 and Israel will divide it up, as stated (in Ps. 60:8ff. [6ff.]):
I WILL DISTRIBUTE SHECHEM < AND MEASURE OUT THE VALLEY OF SUCCOTH>….
9
[16] (Gen. 19:24:) THEN THE LORD RAINED DOWN UPON SODOM < AND UPON GOMORRAH BRIMSTONE AND FIRE >…. Let our master instruct us: When a court has ordained a fast for the community so that rains may come down, and they do come down on that day, is it correct for them to finish it? Thus have our masters taught (in Ta'an. 25b [bar.]):10 IF THEY WERE FASTING, AND THE RAINS CAME DOWN BEFORE THE RISING OF THE SUN, THEY SHALL NOT FINISH IT. AFTER THE RISING OF THE SUN THEY SHALL FINISH IT. < THESE ARE > THE WORDS OF R. ME'IR, BUT R. JUDAH SAYS: BEFORE NOON THEY DO NOT COMPLETE IT; AFTER NOON THEY COMPLETE IT. And where did the generations (i.e., the sages) find support that they should fast on Monday and Thursday? < It is > simply < that >, when Israel committed that act (i.e., of the golden calf), Moses went up < onto the mountain > on a Thursday and came down on a Monday. How is it shown? R. Levi said: He went up on a Thursday. Now from Thursday through < the following > Thursday to the Thursday < after that > there are fifteen < days >. And from Sabbath eve through < the following > Sabbath eve to the Sabbath eve < after that > there are fifteen < days >, for a total of thirty. Also from Sabbath to Sabbath there are eight < days >, for a total of thirty-eight. Then a Sunday and a Monday make forty < days >11 Therefore, the sages have ruled that one should fast on Monday and on Thursday, on < the day of > Moses' ascent and on < that of > his descent. Now at the end of forty days they fasted and wept before Moses, so that the Holy One was filled with mercy for them and appointed that day for them as a day of atoning for their sins. And this was the Day of Atonement, as stated (in Lev. 16:30): FOR ON THIS DAY ATONEMENT SHALL BE MADE FOR YOU TO CLEANSE YOU. See how lovely repentance (rt.: ShVB) is! The Holy One said (in Mal. 3:7): RETURN (rt.: ShVB) UNTO ME AND I WILL RETURN (rt.: ShVB) UNTO YOU. For, if there are some sins on one's hand and that person returns to the Holy One, he credits him as if he had not sinned. Thus it is stated (in Ezek. 18:22): < NOT > ANY OF HIS SINS WHICH HE COMMITTED < SHALL BE REMEMBERED AGAINST HIM >…. But, when the Holy One has warned him a first time, and a second and a third, without him repenting, he exacts punishment from him, as stated (in Job 33:29): BEHOLD, GOD DOES ALL THESE THINGS < TWO OR THREE TIMES TO A PERSON >…. When he does not find pleasure in < such a > one, he immediately exacts punishment from him. You yourself know that it is so. When the Holy One desired to destroy Sodom and its people, Abraham stood and sought mercy for them. He thought that there might be hope for them, as stated (in Gen. 18:23): THEN ABRAHAM DREW NEAR AND SAID: < WILL YOU ALSO DESTROY THE RIGHTEOUS WITH THE WICKED > ? What is the meaning of DREW NEAR?12 R. Joshua says: DREW NEAR is nothing but an expression relating to battle, as when it is stated (in II Sam. 10:13): SO JOAB AND THE PEOPLE WHO WERE WITH HIM DREW NEAR TO THE BATTLE. R. Nehemiah says: It is nothing but an expression relating to prayer, as when it is stated (in I Kings 18:36): AND IT CAME TO PASS WHEN IT WAS TIME TO PRESENT THE MEAL OFFERING, THE PROPHET ELIJAH DREW NEAR…. But the sages say: DREW NEAR is nothing but an expression of entreaty, as when it is stated (in Gen. 44:18): THEN JUDAH DREW NEAR UNTO HIM AND SAID: < PRAY, MY LORD, PLEASE LET YOUR SERVANT SPEAK >…. Abraham said to the Holy One (in Gen. 18:25): FAR BE IT FROM YOU < TO DO SUCH A THING >…. And he sought mercy for them until (in vss. 26-33) < his request > went down from fifty to ten. When he found no merit for them, the Divine Presence departed from him, as stated (in vs. 33): THEN THE LORD WENT AWAY WHEN HE HAD FINISHED…. Immediately the retribution came upon them. {Thus it is stated} [Where is it shown? From what we read on the matter] (in Gen. 19:24): THEN THE LORD RAINED DOWN UPON SODOM < AND UPON GOMORRAH BRIMSTONE AND FIRE >.
[17] [(Gen. 19:24:) THEN THE LORD RAINED DOWN UPON SODOM.] This text is related (to Ps. 58:9 [8]): LET THEM BE LIKE A SNAIL (ShBLWL),< WHICH DISSOLVES AND GOES AWAY; LIKE A WOMAN'S STILLBIRTH, THEY HAVE NOT SEEN THE SUN >.13 [Just as a flood stream (ShBLT) is swept away, so were the people of Sodom swept away. WHICH DISSOLVES AND GOES AWAY], in that the Holy One dissolved them in fire. LIKE A WOMAN'S STILLBIRTH, THEY HAVE NOT SEEN THE SUN, in that the people of Sodom did not see < it any more >, as stated (in Gen. 19:23): THE SUN HAD RISEN OVER THE EARTH < WHEN LOT CAME TO ZOHAR >. What < else > is written there (in vs. 24)? THEN THE LORD RAINED DOWN UPON SODOM < AND UPON GOMORRAH BRIMSTONE AND FIRE >.
Another interpretation (of Ps. 58:9 [8]): What is the meaning of LIKE A SNAIL (ShBLWL)? Just as a flood stream (ShBLT) sweeps away whatever it comes upon, so it is with a rioter14 who rises up in a region. Anyone who is found with him is swept away with him. Thus it is stated: LIKE A SNAIL (ShBLWL). And when he is dead, he no longer sees the sun (cf. ibid., cont.)15 Why? Because he was a rioter.
[18] [(Gen. 19:24:) THEN THE LORD RAINED DOWN.] This text is related (to Ps. 11:6): UPON THE WICKED HE SHALL RAIN COALS; FIRE, BRIMSTONE, AND BURNING WIND SHALL BE THE PORTION OF THEIR CUP. This portion was prepared before the world was created, as stated (ibid.): THE PORTION OF THEIR CUP. What is the meaning of THE PORTION OF THEIR CUP? (Ps. 75:9:) FOR IN THE HAND OF THE LORD THERE IS A CUP FOAMING WITH WINE, FULL OF MIXED WINE; AND OUT OF THIS HE POURS. < AS FOR ITS DREGS, SURELY ALL THE WICKED OF THE EARTH SHALL DRAIN THEM OUT AND DRINK THEM. > FOR IN THE HAND OF THE LORD THERE IS A CUP…. Lest you say that it was not full, the text says: FULL OF MIXED WINE. Lest you say: They did not drink from it, the text says: OUT OF THIS HE POURS. AS FOR ITS DREGS, SURELY ALL THE WICKED OF THE EARTH SHALL DRAIN THEM OUT AND DRINK THEM. It is therefore stated (in Ps. 11:6): THE PORTION OF THEIR CUP. From that cup they drank, as stated (in Ps. 11:6): THE PORTION OF THEIR CUP.
(Ibid.:) UPON THE WICKED HE SHALL RAIN COALS. R. Hanina ben Pazzi said:16 The Holy One does not send down anything bad from above, only rain; and it < then > becomes brimstone.
[19] Another interpretation (of Gen. 19:24): AND THE LORD RAINED DOWN UPON SODOM < AND UPON GOMORRAH BRIMSTONE AND FIRE FROM THE LORD OUT OF THE HEAVENS >. What is the meaning of FROM THE LORD? It says (in Exod. 16:4): BEHOLD, I WILL RAIN DOWN BREAD FROM THE HEAVENS FOR YOU, while here (in Gen. 19:24) it says: AND THE LORD RAINED DOWN UPON SODOM < AND UPON GOMORRAH BRIMSTONE AND FIRE FROM THE LORD >. R. Berekhyah said: To what is the matter comparable?17 To a king who was standing at a baker's oven. < When > his friend came in to him, he took out a piece of hot bread < and > gave it to him. < When > his enemy came in to him, he took up burning coals < and > gave them to him. So < it is with > the Holy One. When Israel came unto the desert, he brought down bread from the heavens for them, as stated (in Exod. 16:4): BEHOLD, I WILL RAIN DOWN BREAD FROM THE HEAVENS FOR YOU. But when the Sodomites came to the point of transgressions, he brought down fire from the heavens for them, as stated (in Gen. 19:24): AND THE LORD RAINED DOWN UPON SODOM < AND UPON GOMORRAH BRIMSTONE AND FIRE FROM THE LORD OUT OF THE HEAVENS >. What is the meaning of AND THE LORD? That he sat over them with the authority of a court18 of seventy-one,19 found them guilty, and brought down fire upon them. So they went forth to < an execution by > burning, as stated (in Gen. 19:24): < FIRE > FROM THE LORD. In a similar way you say on the matter < at hand >: AND THE LORD… FROM THE LORD.20 If someone comes to ask you < about > what is written in this verse: AND THE LORD … FROM THE LORD, say to him: There are similar cases < of redundancy > in < other > verses. (I Kings 1:33:) AND {HE} [THE KING] SAID {UNTO HIS SERVANTS} [TO THEM]: TAKE WITH YOU THE SLAVES OF YOUR LORD. It was only necessary to say: "My servants." And where < is an example found > in the Torah? (In Gen. 4:23:) AND LAMECH SAID TO HIS WIVES: ADAH AND ZILLAH, HEAR MY VOICE; O WIVES OF LAMECH. It was only necessary to say: "My wives." So much for the Torah, but where < is an example found > in the Writings? Where it is stated (in Esth. 8:8): FOR A WRITING WHICH IS WRITTEN IN THE KING'S NAME AND SEALED WITH THE KING'S SEAL. It was only necessary to say: "With my seal." So also here (in Gen. 19:24): AND THE LORD RAINED DOWN … FROM THE LORD.
[20] (Gen. 19:24:) FROM THE LORD. What is written before the verse (in Gen. 19:1): THEN THE TWO ANGELS CAME TO SODOM IN THE EVENING.21 Elsewhere (in Gen. 18:2) three came to Abraham, as stated: WHEN HE RAISED HIS EYES, HE LOOKED, AND BEHOLD, THREE PERSONS. But here there are two, as stated (in Gen. 19:1): THEN THE TWO ANGELS CAME. It is simply that the Holy One sent three angels, each one individually to perform his < own particular > mission. One went to bring good tidings to Sarah, one went to save Lot, and one went to destroy Sodom. An angel does not perform two missions, [nor do two angels perform one mission]. Michael went to bring good tidings to Sarah. "Surely we will return unto you" is not written here (in Gen. 18:14), but I WILL RETURN. He performed his mission and went away. Then the < other > two went to perform their missions, as stated (in Gen. 19:1): THEN THE TWO ANGELS CAME TO SODOM IN THE EVENING. Elsewhere (in 18:2, 16, 19:5f.) < Scripture > has called them "persons," but here it has called them "angels." R. Alexandri, however, has said: < When angels were > near Abraham, they were < called > humans because angels were common in the house of Abraham.22 Thus it is stated (in Prov. 31:27): SHE OVERSEES THE ACTIVITIES (rt.: HLK) OF HER HOUSE. Since those who went (rt.: HLK) to the house of Abraham were angels and because he was commonly among angels, they appeared to him in human form.23 But for Lot, who was ignorant24 < about them >, they appeared as angels. Thus it is stated (in Gen. 19:1): THEN THE TWO ANGELS CAME TO SODOM….
[21] It is written (in Job 23:13): BUT HE HAS ONENESS; SO WHO CAN TURN HIM? AND WHATEVER HIS SOUL DESIRES, HE DOES.25 R. Papias interpreted: Because he stands alone in his world, there is no one to interfere with him. Whatever he wants, he does. R. Aqiva said to him: Enough from you, Papias! One does not < so > interpret here. Rather, he does everything according to the Law. What is the meaning of HAS ONENESS? < That >, just as the petitioner petitions < here > below, so < it is > above. Just as the Sanhedrin conducts proceedings below, so < it is > above, as stated (in I Kings 22:19): I SAW THE LORD SITTING UPON HIS THRONE, AND ALL THE HEAVENLY HOST WAS STANDING BY HIM TO HIS RIGHT AND TO HIS LEFT. Is there a left {and right} above? And has it not already been stated (in Exod. 15:6): YOUR RIGHT HAND, O LORD, GLORIOUS IN POWER, < YOUR RIGHT HAND SHATTERS THE ENEMY > ? It is simply that the ones < on the right > tip the balance toward the side of merit, and the ones < on the left > tip the balance toward the side of guilt. Ergo, everything < proceeds > with justice. And, just as one who is a petitioner petitions < here > below, so < it is > above. Where is it shown? Where Daniel has said so (in Dan. 4:14 [17]): THE RULING IS BY THE DECREE OF THE WATCHERS, AND THE PETITION {BY} THE WORD OF THE HOLY ONES. Now you say: Because he stands alone in his world, he does whatever he wants! What is the meaning of HAS ONENESS (in Job 23:13)? R. Pinhas bar Hama the Priest said: Because he alone in his world knows justice for his creatures. [R. Judah b. R. Shallum the Levite < said >: Because he alone in the world knows the temperament of his creatures.] The one to whom he says: Go on my mission, goes. Hence it says (in Job 23:13): AND WHATEVER HIS SOUL DESIRES, HE DOES. So also Jeremiah stated (in Jer. 1:6): I AM < BUT > A LAD. The Holy One said to him: DO NOT SAY: I AM < BUT > A LAD. So also with Sodom, he conducted the proceedings in their court and saw that their guilt merited destruction. Then after that he sent them (the angels) to destroy them. It is therefore stated (in Gen. 19:1): THEN THE TWO ANGELS CAME TO SODOM.
Elsewhere (in 18:2, 16, 19:5f.) < Scripture > calls them "persons," but here it calls them "angels." To what is the matter comparable? To someone who received a dominion from the king. All the days that he was traveling on the road, he traveled as a paganus {i.e. alone} 26 {He did not do otherwise.} When he arrived to take his place, his tax collectors and the natives of the region began honoring him. So < it was with > the angels when they came to destroy the region. Before they entered Sodom, they traveled like humans. After they came to Sodom, it is written (in Gen. 19:1): THEN THE TWO ANGELS CAME. Did they depart from Abraham's place at noon and come to Sodom < only > in the evening?27 It is simply that they were angels of mercy and had waited for the possibility that Abraham might plead < some > merit on their account so that < the city > would not be destroyed. For that reason they had waited until the evening.
Another interpretation (of Gen. 19:1): Why IN THE EVENING? Because the deeds of the Sodomites were dark like evening and night.28
(Gen. 19:1:) AND LOT WAS SITTING AT THE GATE OF SODOM.29 The written text has SAT (with a vowel letter missing from the Hebrew). There were five judges in Sodom. Now Lot was inferior to all of them, but they had him sit among them, for such is the written text: AND LOT SAT AT THE GATE OF SODOM.30 (Prov. 22:6:) TRAIN A CHILD IN THE WAY HE SHOULD GO. Since < Lot > had grown up in Abraham's house and had seen him receive travelers, he had learned from him. He therefore brought the angels home with him. What is written there (in Gen. 19:4)? BEFORE THEY HAD LAIN DOWN, < THE MEN OF THE CITY, THE MEN OF SODOM, HAD SURROUNDED THE HOUSE >…. The angels began to be astonished, saying: This matter has reached even us! Lot said to the angels: What have you come here to do? They said to him (in Gen. 19:13): FOR WE ARE DESTROYING < THIS PLACE >.31 They revealed their mysterion32 {i.e., secret} to him. For that reason they were banished one hundred and thirty-eight years from their precincts. R. Tanhuma said one hundred and thirty years according to the number of the sacred ladder < as reckoned > by gematria.33
[22] (Gen. 19:5:) AND THEY CALLED UNTO LOT < AND SAID TO HIM: WHERE ARE THE MEN > … THAT WE MAY KNOW THEM.34 < They did so > because they desired to rape them. R. Hiyya bar Abba said: From here you learn that they were lecherous. He said to them (in vs. 8): LOOK HERE, I HAVE TWO DAUGHTERS WHO HAVE NOT KNOWN ANYONE. < The verse > teaches that he wanted to bring them into the midst of his house, but that his wife would not let him. What did he do? He brought them to his own part of the house.35 (Gen. 19:11:) SO THAT THEY WERE UNABLE TO FIND THE DOOR.36 When < the angels > saw that the < Sodomites > deserved destruction, they also rescued Lot. What is written there (in Gen. 19:23-25)? THE SUN HAD RISEN UPON THE EARTH … THEN THE LORD RAINED DOWN UPON SODOM < … > AND HE DESTROYED THOSE CITIES. Perhaps you will say: He destroyed it with his five fingers.37 R. Ayyevu said: < It was > with one of his fingers < that > he destroyed the cities of Sodom, as stated (in Job 28:9): HE PUT OUT HIS HAND BAHALLAMISH.38 In the world to come, when the Holy One heals Israel, he will heal her, as stated (in Hos. 2:17 [15]): I WILL GIVE < ISRAEL > HER VINEYARDS FROM THERE. HER VINEYARDS: These are the prophets. (Ibid.:) THE VALLEY OF ACHOR (rt.: 'KR) IS WITH A DOOR OF HOPE. < This means >: A valley which I afflicted (rt.: 'KR) with my wrath IS WITH A DOOR OF HOPE. At that time they will voice a song, as stated (in ibid., cont.): AND SHE WILL RESPOND (rt.: 'NH) FROM THERE AS IN THE DAYS OF HER YOUTH; and one does not use RESPOND (rt.: 'NH) except in reference to song. Thus one finds stated (in Ps. 147:7): SING (rt.: 'NH) TO THE LORD WITH THANKSGIVING.
1. Tanh., Gen. 4:9.
2. See Sanh. 9:3; Sanh. 49b-50a.
3. The word is Greek.
4. See below, 4:21.
5. The midrash understands ba‘erev (“in the evening”) as two words, ‘erev (“evening”) and ba (“has come”). See Gen. R. 50:3.
6. See Gen. R. 50:2.
7. The midrash has interpreted bahallamish (“against the hard rock”) as bahamishi (“with the fifth”).
8. So below, 4:22; Exod R. 15:21.
9. So below, 4:22. Cf.
PRK 29(suppl. 2):3. According to Gen. R. 42:5, the valley of Succoth is identified with the valley of Siddim at the Dead Sea
(Gen. 14:3).
10. The first half of the citation is also in Ta‘an. 3:9.
11. The time Moses spent on Mount Sinai before he descended to discover Israel worshiping the golden calf. So Exod. 34:28; Deut. 9:9-11.
12. Cf. Gen. R. 93:6.
13. Cf. Gen. R. 51:1.
14. Gk.: thorubos (tumult).
15. Jastrow, s.v. toribos, translates the clause, “he faces no more the sun (his body is not exhibited for public honors).”
16. Gen. R. 51:3.
17. Cf. Gen. R. 51:2; Tanh. (Buber), Exod. 4:20.
18. Gk.: synedrion.
19. The AND implies that it was THE LORD plus a Great Sanhedrin with seventy-one members, the proper court for trying an apostate town. See Sanh. 1:5.
20. The first LORD has to do with the court trial, and the second concerns the punishment.
21. See Gen. R. 50:2.
22. See Qid. 32b; cf. BM 86b.
23. I.e., angelic visits were as common as household activities in Abraham’s house.
24. Gk.: idotes, i.e., “lay person.”
25. Mekhilta de Rabbi Ishmael, Beshallah 7; Tanh. (Buber), Exod. 1:14; Tanh., Exod. 1:18; Cant. R. 1:9:1; see Exod. R.4:3.
26. The Latin word means “peasant.”
27. Gen. 50:1.
28. See above, 4:15.
29. Gen. R. 50:3.
30. In other words, the written text refers, not to Lot’s continuing to sit at the gate, but to his taking his seat as judge there.
31. Gen. R. 19:9; 68:2.
32. The word is Greek.
33. Gk.: geometria or grammateis. The sacred ladder, seen in Jacob’s dream, bridged heaven and earth. The Hebrew word for “ladder” is SLM. By gematria S = 60, L = 30, and M = 40, for a total of 130.
34. Cf. Gen. R. 50:5-8.
35. Literally: “To midst of his own rafter.”
36. I.e., the door to the women’s quarters.
37. See above, 4:15.
38. The midrash has interpreted bahallamish (“against the hard rock”) as bahamishi (“with the fifth”).