[14]
(Gen. 39:1:) WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN TO EGYPT, < POTIPHAR, A EUNUCH OF PHARAOH AND CAPTAIN OF THE GUARD, BOUGHT HIM >. This text is related (to Ps. 37:28):
FOR THE LORD LOVES JUSTICE AND DOES NOT ABANDON HIS SAINTS. Why does the Holy One love justice? Because he is called the Lord of Justice where it is stated (in Is. 30:18):
FOR THE LORD IS A GOD OF JUSTICE. It also says (in Deut. 32:41):
MY HAND LAYS HOLD ON JUSTICE.
Another interpretation (of Ps. 37:28): < FOR THE LORD LOVES JUSTICE > AND DOES NOT ABANDON HIS SAINTS. Do his saints need protection? R. Jeremiah said: See what is written (in I Sam. 2:9): HE SHALL PROTECT THE FEET OF HIS SAINTS. Do they need protection? It is simply as a popular1 adage says: They fence in what is fenced in, and they break through what is broken through. Ergo (in Ps. 37:28): AND DOES NOT ABANDON HIS SAINTS.
Another interpretation (of Ps. 37:28): FOR THE LORD LOVES JUSTICE < AND DOES NOT ABANDON HIS SAINTS >. [THEY ARE PROTECTED FOREVER]. < The verse > speaks about Joseph. And how did he protect him? [See] what is written (in Gen. 37:28): WHEN MIDIANITE TRADERS PASSED BY, < THEY PULLED AND RAISED JOSEPH FROM THE PIT, THEN SOLD JOSEPH FOR TWENTY PIECES OF SILVER TO THE ISHMAELITES >. And with what were they laden?2 Now is it not the custom for camels to bear only < foul-smelling > 'itran?3 Yet it is written here (in Gen. 37:25): < WITH THEIR CAMELS BEARING > SPICE, BALSAM, AND LABDANUM! It is simply that the Holy One said: Should this righteous man be set in the midst of a bad odor? Instead, I will order a good odor for him. Ergo (in Ps. 37:28) AND DOES NOT ABANDON HIS SAINTS. (Ibid., cont.:) BUT THE SEED OF THE WICKED ARE CUT OFF. This refers to Potiphar, who did not take him for work but for something else.4 What did the Holy One do? He castrated him. Ergo (in Ps. 37:28): BUT THE SEED OF THE WICKED ARE CUT OFF. Now CUT OFF only denotes castration. Thus it is stated (in Lev. 22:24): < ANYTHING WITH ITS TESTICLES > CRUSHED, SMASHED, TORN OUT, OR CUT OFF < YOU SHALL NOT OFFER TO THE LORD >. And where is it shown that he was not a eunuch < already >, but that the Holy One had castrated him? Where it is stated (in Gen. 39:1): < WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN TO EGYPT >, POTIPHAR, A EUNUCH OF PHARAOH.
[15] Another interpretation (of Gen. 39:1): WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN TO EGYPT. This text is related (to Eccl. 10:7): I HAVE SEEN SLAVES ON HORSEBACK. This refers to Nebuchadnezzar, the one who destroyed the temple. When he did not enter it because he was afraid, what did Michael do? He came down, seized his horse, and brought him into the Holy of Holies. So the Holy Spirit says (ibid.): I HAVE SEEN SLAVES ON HORSEBACK, < and > this refers to Nebuchadnezzar. (Ibid., cont.:) AND PRINCES WALKING LIKE SLAVES UPON THE GROUND. This refers to Michael, as stated (in Dan. 10:21): < AND NO ONE IS MAKING EFFORTS ALONG WITH ME AGAINST THESE > (the princes of Persia and Greece) EXCEPT YOUR PRINCE, MICHAEL.
Another interpretation (of Eccl. 10:7): I HAVE SEEN SLAVES ON HORSEBACK. < The text > speaks about Midianites (in Gen. 37:36): THE MIDIANITES SOLD HIM INTO EGYPT. R. Abbin bar Hama the Levite said: The children of a female slave were selling, and the children of a male slave were buying.5 Between the former and the latter Joseph was sold.
(Gen. 39:1:) WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN TO EGYPT. The tribe was brought down to Egypt. To what is the matter compared? To a cow.
6 When they wanted to bring her to the
makellon7 {i.e., the slaughterhouse}, she did not want to go in. What did they do? They took her offspring {to the slaughterhouse} and brought it to the
makellon. When her offspring began to low, its mother unwillingly entered after it. So < it was with > our father Jacob and his children. They were the cow, as stated (in Hos. 4:16):
FOR < ISRAEL HAS BALKED > LIKE A BALKY COW. Now Joseph went down to Egypt first in order to fulfill a decree which had been decreed about the patriarch, as stated (in Gen. 15:13):
WHERE THEY SHALL SERVE THEM AND BE OPPRESSED BY THEM. When Jacob was afraid to go down, what did the Holy One do? He brought Joseph down to Egypt, and drew his father unwillingly. It is therefore stated (in Gen. 39:1):
WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN TO EGYPT.
[16] Another interpretation (of Gen. 39:1): WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN < TO EGYPT, POTIPHAR … BOUGHT HIM >. What is the meaning of WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN? That he moved the Egyptians from place to place. < It is > just as you say (in Gen. 47:21): HE REMOVED THE PEOPLE BY CITIES < FROM ONE END OF EGYPT'S BORDER TO THE OTHER >. Thus he was taking them up from here and putting them there so that they would not taunt the Israelites by calling them exiles < and > children of exiles.8
(
Gen. 39:1, cont.:)
POTIPHAR … BOUGHT HIM. Why was he named Potiphar (rt.:
PTPR). Because he fattened (rt.:
PTM) bulls (rt.:
PR) for idol worship.
9
Another interpretation: Why was he named Potiphar? Because he entered Pharaoh's house and made his house potinos10 {i.e., wealthy}. Thus he made the Pharaoh's house shine.
(
Gen. 39:1, cont.:) <
POTIPHAR, A EUNUCH OF PHARAOH AND > CAPTAIN OF THE GUARD, < BOUGHT HIM >; nevertheless (according to vs. 2):
THE LORD WAS WITH JOSEPH, < AND HE WAS A SUCCESSFUL MAN >. R. Abbahu said: Do I only have < evidence that the Lord was with him > in prosperity? Where is it shown < that the Lord was with him >, even in trouble? See, he wrote (in vs. 20):
SO JOSEPH'S MASTER TOOK HIM AND PUT HIM IN PRISON. Nevertheless (according to vs. 21):
THE LORD WAS WITH JOSEPH. R. Abbahu said: You have someone who loves his friend in prosperity. When trouble came to him, he acted as though he did not know him. But the Holy One is not like that. Rather (according to Gen. 39:20-21):
WHILE HE WAS THERE IN PRISON, THE LORD WAS WITH JOSEPH. < Both > in trouble and in prosperity, he was with him.
(
Gen. 39:2, cont.:)
AND HE WAS A SUCCESSFUL MAN. He used to gird up his loins; and, when his master would say to him: Pour me a glass of water, he would pour it. < Then he would say > : Give me cold < water >, and he would give it to him out of the same vessel. When his master would say to him: Give me wine, he would give it to him. < Then he would say >: Give it to me tripled (i.e., mixed with two parts of water).
11 He would give it to him, and it would become sweet by itself.
12 It is therefore stated (in Gen. 39:2, cont.):
AND HE WAS A SUCCESSFUL MAN.
(Gen. 39:3:) WHEN HIS MASTER SAW THAT THE LORD WAS WITH HIM…. He saw that his works were different. And why all this?
(Gen. 39:2:) THE LORD WAS WITH JOSEPH.
[17] What is written above on the matter (in Gen. 38:13-14)? AND IT WAS TOLD TO TAMAR, SAYING: < HERE IS YOUR FATHER-IN-LAW COMING >…. SO SHE PUT HER WIDOW'S CLOTHES OFF [FROM HER] AND COVERED HERSELF WITH A VEIL. < THEN, HAVING WRAPPED HERSELF, SHE SAT DOWN AT THE ENTRANCE TO ENAIM >. Two women covered themselves with a veil and bore twins. These are Rebekah and Tamar.13 Of Rebekah it is written (in Gen. 24:65): SO SHE TOOK THE VEIL AND COVERED HERSELF. Then she bore twins, Esau and Jacob, as stated (in Gen. 25:24): BEHOLD, THERE WERE TWINS IN HER WOMB. As for Tamar, she covered herself with a veil and (according to Gen. 38:27-30) bore twins, Perez and Zerah.
(Gen. 38:14:) SHE SAT DOWN AT THE ENTRANCE TO ENAIM (a name which means "eyes"). R. Joshua ben Levi said: It was at the entrance to which all eyes would be raised in expectation of the Holy One.
14
Another interpretation (of Gen. 38:14:) SHE SAT DOWN AT THE ENTRANCE TO ENAIM ("eyes"), < i.e., > at the entrance on which the Holy One looks. Thus it is stated (in Zech. 4:10): < THESE ARE > THE EYES (a form of 'enayim) {OF THE LORD ROAMING} [OF THE LORD. THEY ROAM] AROUND ALL THE EARTH.
Another interpretation (of Gen. 38:14): AT THE ENTRANCE TO ENAIM ("eyes"). When one goes out on the road, his eyes look here and there.
(Gen. 38:15:) WHEN JUDAH SAW HER, HE THOUGHT HER TO BE A HARLOT BECAUSE SHE HAD COVERED HER FACE. However, R. Johanan said:
SHE COVERED HER FACE as long as she was in her father-in-law's house.
15 From here our masters have said: A man must be acquainted with his daughter-in-law.
16 Judah said: This is a harlot. What concern do I have about her? He went on. When he had gone on, she raised her eyes to the Holy One. She said to him: Sovereign of the World, am I to go away empty from the body of this righteous man? Immediately the Holy One sent Michael and brought him back. Where is it shown? Where it is written here (in vs. 16):
SO HE TURNED ASIDE UNTO HER. And it is written (in Numb. 22:23):
THEN THE SHE-ASS SAW THE ANGEL OF THE LORD…. SO THE SHE-ASS TURNED ASIDE.
17 (
Gen. 38:16, cont.:)
AND HE SAID UNTO HER: HEY THERE, PLEASE < LET ME COME UNTO YOU >. Why? (Ibid., cont.:)
BECAUSE HE DID NOT KNOW THAT SHE WAS HIS DAUGHTER-IN-LAW. (Vs. 17:)
AND HE SAID: I WILL SEND YOU A GOAT KID. He said to her (in vs. 18):
WHAT PLEDGE SHALL I GIVE YOU? AND SHE SAID: YOUR SEAL…. THEN HE CAME UNTO HER, AND SHE CONCEIVED < FOR HIM >. Scripture lacks nothing; so what is the meaning of
SHE CONCEIVED FOR HIM? It simply means that she gave birth to kings like him. (Vs. 24:)
NOW IT CAME TO PASS ABOUT THREE MONTHS LATER…. R. Judah bar Shallum the Levite said: After three months it is discernible whether a woman is pregnant or not.
18
(
Gen. 38:24, cont.:)
THAT IT WAS TOLD TO JUDAH, SAYING: YOUR DAUGHTER-IN-LAW TAMAR HAS PROSTITUTED HERSELF; AND SHE IS ALSO PREGNANT FOR LEWDNESS. What is the meaning of
FOR LEWDNESS? That she would enter a bathhouse and say to her women friends: Go away from me because I am bearing kings. But Isaac, Jacob, and Judah were sitting there in judgment. They said (ibid., cont.):
BRING HER OUT AND LET HER BE BURNED. R. Johanan said: In property cases one begins with the eldest, but in capital cases one begins with the youngest and finishes with the eldest.
19 And why does one say:
WITH THE YOUNGEST? Because one ascribes corruption to the youngest. Why did he say (in Gen. 34:24):
LET HER BE BURNED, and not say: "Let her be killed"? Ephraim the Disputant said in the name of R. Me'ir: She was Shem's daughter, and Shem was a priest. For this reason he said:
BRING HER OUT, AND LET HER BE BURNED.
20 Now they were dragging her and bringing her out against her will, as stated (in Gen. 38:25):
AS SHE WAS BEING BROUGHT OUT. Now while she was being brought out, she sought < the tokens of > the pledge but did not find them. In that hour she raised her eyes to the heavens. Immediately the Holy One sent her others.
Another interpretation: Judah bar Shallum the Levite said: When she came out, the Holy One made her eyes light up and she found them after she had lost them because there is no finding except of what is LOST. Thus it is written (in Lev. 5:22): OR HAS FOUND WHAT IS LOST. Immediately she sent < her tokens of the pledge > to Judah, (according to Gen. 38:25) THE ONE TO WHOM THESE BELONG. She said to him (ibid., cont.): PLEASE ACKNOWLEDGE your Creator.21 Immediately (in vs. 26): JUDAH GAVE ACKNOWLEDGMENT. In that hour a heavenly voice (bat qol) came forth and said to him: You are to say: [She is pregnant from me; lest] she be burned. And afterwards he confessed: The affair stemmed from me. The Holy One said to Him: Judah, for me you have saved three lives from the fire and one (i.e., Joseph) from the pit. By your life, I will save < four lives > for you just as you have saved < them > for me. Who are they? Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah from the fiery furnace (in Dan. 3:20-27) and Daniel from the lions' pit (in Dan. 6:16-23). What is written about them (in Dan. 1:6)? NOW AMONG THOSE FROM THE CHILDREN OF JUDAH WERE DANIEL, HANANIAH, MISHAEL, AND AZARIAH. "From Hezekiah's children"22 is not written here, but FROM THE CHILDREN OF JUDAH. For what reason? For the reason that he had saved Tamar and her children < from the fire > and Joseph from the pit. When Reuben heard that Judah had confessed, he immediately arose also and said: I also have violated my father's beds (in Gen. 35:22). Eliphaz said to Job (in Job 15:17-18): I WILL INFORM YOU; HEARKEN TO ME. NOW THIS HAVE I SEEN, AND I WILL DECLARE THAT WHICH SAGES HAVE TOLD. These < sages > are Reuben and Judah. Therefore (in vs. 19): TO THEM ALONE WAS THE LAND GIVEN. When? (Ibid.:) AND NO STRANGER PASSED AMONG THEM. When Moses came to bless them, what did he say (in Deut. 33:6-7)? MAY REUBEN LIVE AND NOT DIE…. AND THIS IS FOR JUDAH….
[18] Another interpretation (of Gen. 39:1):
WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN TO EGYPT. This text is related (to Hos. 11:4):
WITH HUMAN TIES I DREW THEM IN, WITH BANDS OF LOVE.
23 Israel would have deservedly gone down to Egypt in chains and
collaria,
24 just as they went down to Babylon, had not Joseph gone first. All that happened to Joseph happened to Zion.
25 That which is written of Joseph is written of Zion. It is written of Joseph (in Gen. 39:6):
BEAUTIFULLY BUILT WITH A BEAUTIFUL APPEARANCE; and it is written of Zion (in Lam. 2:15):
A PERFECTION OF BEAUTY. For this reason Jacob was afraid to go down to Egypt: Because it had been decreed over Abraham (in Gen. 15:13):
KNOW FULL WELL THAT YOUR SEED SHALL BE ALIEN IN A LAND < NOT THEIRS WHERE THEY SHALL SERVE THEM AND BE OPPRESSED BY THEM >. So he dwelt in the land of Canaan. They came and said to him: Joseph was sold when he resembled a bull. It is so stated (of Joseph in Deut. 33:17):
LIKE A FIRSTLING BULL HE HAS MAJESTY. And here he is ensconced in Egypt
(Gen. 45:26)! When Jacob heard this, he said: See, I am going down to Egypt even though I am paying Abraham's bill (of indebtedness). Immediately (it says in Gen. 45:28):
THEN ISRAEL SAID: ENOUGH, MY SON JOSEPH IS ALIVE. < I WILL GO AND SEE HIM BEFORE I DIE >. Immediately all the tribes went down with him. Who caused them to go down to Egypt? Joseph.
(Hos. 11:4:) WITH HUMAN TIES I DREW THEM IN. This
< HUMAN > is Joseph.
(Gen. 39:1:) WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN TO EGYPT.
[19] [Another interpretation (of Gen. 39:1): WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN TO EGYPT.] This text is related (to Cant. 8:6): FOR LOVE IS AS STRONG AS DEATH. Love is what Jacob had for Rachel, as stated (in Gen. 29:18): AND JACOB LOVED RACHEL. (Cant. 8:6, cont.): JEALOUSY IS AS SEVERE AS SHEOL. Thus Rachel was jealous of her sister. So what is LOVE doing beside JEALOUSY (in the same verse)?
Another interpretation (of Cant. 8:6): FOR LOVE IS AS STRONG AS DEATH, < i.e., > the love of Jonathan and David. Thus it is stated (in I Sam. 18:1): JONATHAN'S SOUL WAS BOUND TO THE SOUL OF DAVID, AND JONATHAN LOVED HIM AS HIS OWN SOUL. (Cant. 8:6, cont.:) JEALOUSY IS AS SEVERE AS SHEOL (Sh'WL). Thus Saul (Sh'WL) was jealous of David. So what is LOVE doing beside JEALOUSY (in the same verse)?
Another interpretation (of Cant. 8:6): FOR LOVE IS AS STRONG AS DEATH. Love is what Jacob had for Joseph, as stated (in Gen. 37:3): NOW ISRAEL LOVED JOSEPH. (Cant. 8:6, cont.:) JEALOUSY IS AS SEVERE AS SHEOL. Thus his (Joseph's) brothers were jealous of him. So what is LOVE doing beside JEALOUSY (in the same verse)? And what caused Joseph to come into the hands of jealousy? < It was > because of the love with which his father loved him to excess.
[20] Another interpretation (of Gen. 39:1): WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN TO EGYPT. There were three natures within him. < He was > a Torah scholar, a prophet, and one who nourished his brothers. < He was > a Torah scholar, for it is so written (in Gen. 37:3): BECAUSE HE WAS THE CHILD OF HIS OLD AGE (ZEN).26 It is also written (in Deut. 32:7): ASK YOUR FATHER, AND HE WILL INFORM YOU; [YOUR ELDERS (rt.: ZQN), AND THEY WILL TELL YOU]. And where is it shown that he was prophet? Where it is stated (in Gen. 37:2): SINCE HE WAS A YOUTH WITH THE CHILDREN OF BILHAH…. It is also written (in Exod. 33:11): HIS ATTENDANT, JOSHUA BIN NUN, A YOUTH. Again it is written (in I Sam. 2:21): AND THE YOUTH SAMUEL GREW UP.27 And where is it shown that he fed his brothers? Where it is stated (in Gen. 50:21): SO NOW, FEAR NOT; I WILL NOURISH YOU….
[21] Another interpretation (of Gen. 39:1):
WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN TO EGYPT…. What is written above on the matter (in Gen. 38:29)?
AND IT CAME TO PASS THAT, AS HE DREW BACK HIS HAND < … > [SO HIS NAME WAS CALLED PEREZ]. Here is kingship (according to Ruth 4:18):
THESE ARE THE GENERATIONS OF PEREZ.
28 (Gen. 38:30:) THEN AFTERWARDS HIS BROTHER CAME OUT. Here is a priest. Then afterwards (in Gen. 39:1):
WHEN JOSEPH WAS TAKEN DOWN TO EGYPT, the Holy One simply brought them the good news that, wherever they went, they would have the services of a king and a priest. How so? In Egypt < they had > a king and a priest, as stated (in Exod. 7:8):
NOW THE LORD SAID UNTO MOSES AND UNTO AARON…. Also in their Exodus < they had a king and a priest > (according to Ps. 77:21 [20]):
YOU LED YOUR PEOPLE LIKE A FLOCK BY THE HAND OF MOSES AND AARON.
The End of < Parashat > Wayyeshev.
1. Gk.: idiotes, i.e., “commoner,” “one who is unskilled.”
2. Gen. R. 84:17.
3. One of various kinds of tar products or tree resin used for lighting, etc.
4. I.e., for sodomy. So Rashi on Sot. 13b; Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Gen. 39:1; Gen. R. 86:3.
5. Eccl. R. 10:7:1. Although the Buber text has the singular “child” in both parts of this sentence, the plural verbs require a collective sense. “The child of the female slave” refers to the descendants of Ishmael, whose mother was Abraham’s female slave, Hagar (
Gen. 16:1,
15). “The child of the male slave” denotes the descendants of Egypt (Mizraim), whose father was Ham
(Gen. 10:6). According to
Yalqut Shim‘oni, Exod., 168 (citing
Divre haYamim, edited by A. Jellinek,
Bet ha-Midrasch [Leipzig: Vollrath, 1853—1877], vol. II, pp. 1 — 11), all Ham’s children were slaves
(see Gen. 9:22-25).
6. Tanh., Gen. 9:4; Gen. R. 86:2; M. Pss. 105:5.
7. The word is Greek.
8. Hul. 60b; Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Gen. 47:21; Frag. (Jerusalem) Targum, Gen. 47:21.
9. Gen. R. 86:3.
10. From the Gk.: photeinos, which means “radiant.”
11. So Buber, p. 186, n. 66.
12. Cf. Tanh., Gen. 9:8; Gen. R. 86:5.
13. Gen. R. 60:15; 85:7.
14. See Sot. 10a; ySot. 1:4 (16d); yKet. 13:1 (35c); Gen. R. 85:7; M. Sam. 7.
15. Therefore Judah did not recognize her.
16. Gen. R. 85:8.
17. Since the verb “turned aside” appears where an angel causes the turning aside in Numb. 22:23, an angel must be involved where the same verb appears in Gen. 38:16.
18. Yev. 4:1 (10a); TNid. 1:7; Nid. 8b; yNid. 1:4 (49a); Gen. R. 85:10.
19. Sanh. 4:2; Git. 59a. Thus the younger judges would not be unduly influenced by their elders.
20. See Lev. 21:9.
21. Gen. R., 97, New Version, on Gen. 49:8 (= p. 1214 in the Theodor-Albeck edition) explains that for Judah to acknowledge the Creator meant for him not to be ashamed in confessing the matter before flesh and blood. Cf. Sot. 10b.
22. See PRE 52 at the end; Sanh. 93b.
23. See Gen. R. 86:1.
24. The Latin word means “neck chains.”
25. See below, 11:11.
26. ZQN here is interpreted in the Talmud as an abbreviation (notarikon) for Zeh Sheqanah Hokhmah, which means, “This is the one who has acquired wisdom.” See Qid. 32b. See also Targum Onqelos, Gen. 37:3: BECAUSE HE WAS A WISE SON TO HIM.
27. Since prophets like Joshua and Samuel are called youths, the designation must mean that Joseph also was a prophet.
28. The biblical text continues with a genealogy from Perez to David.