(1) The difficulties in this Parshah stem from the apparent lack of logical sequence in which it is written.
1) When Moses says he climbed the mountain to receive the tablets, (9,8-10) he repeats in verse 11, that God gave him two stone tablets. Why?
2) After reviewing the whole golden calf episode, including the time spent on the mountain to obtain forgiveness, Moses suddenly refers to "your sin which you committed, I took and burned it in fire." (9,21) Why this chronologically misleading verse at this point? He had burned the golden calf immediately he had come down from the mountain!
3) Why does Moses inject the sin of the spies in the middle of the account of the golden calf? (9,23) This had been dealt with in chapter 1, 22-46!
4) Why does Moses wait till verse twenty five to relate the forty days of pleading he did for his people?
5) Why is the giving of the second set of tablets reported prior to the report about obtaining forgiveness?
6) Why does Moses refer to the move to Masserah and Aaron's death in the middle of this report, an event which occurred thirty nine years later?
7) Mentioning the special function of the tribe of Levi, and the fact that they would not participate in the sharing out of the land, seems quite out of place here?
1) In order to understand the sequence of Moses' address, one must bear in mind that the sin of the golden calf really made Israel liable to three distinct kinds of punishments, or at least to one penalty, if that meant the destruction of the nation that had been disloyal. If the sentence were to be commuted, at least some of the privileges enjoyed prior to that sin would be revoked, in addition to any penalties imposed. In our case, the fact that God did not decree loss of favoured nation status, heavy financial penalties, or deprivation of freedom of movement when He commuted the death sentence, is proof of the extraordinary degree of pardon granted. When viewed in this light, Moses' points will appear quite logical in their sequence. Moses who had first described Israel's greatest hour, and had complimented them, now had to contrast this with their sin. By mentioning that God did indeed give him the set of tablets at the end of forty days on the mountain, Moses proved that God had thereby given evidence that His original plan to provide visible evidence of His nearness to the Jewish people, had not been aborted. At that point God had to tell Moses to rush back to the people quickly in view of what was taking place within the camp.
2) After that, Moses refers to the severe nature of the sin as evidenced by the type of punishment decreed. The sin is described in six stages. A) At the end of forty days on the mountain, at the very moment when my stay on the mountain was being crowned with success by my receiving the tablets, the most grievous sin was committed. B) The people not only worshipped a golden calf, but they had fashioned it themselves; it had not even existed previously. C) The punishment decreed, collective destruction, indicates how seriously the sin was viewed. D) The facts, when I saw them, were every bit as terrible as what God had told me while I was still on the mountain. I smashed the tablets; they did not drop from my hands. E) The effort needed to obtain forgiveness, included forty days without food or drink.
F) Gods anger extended even to Aaron, who, though pure in motivation, had allowed himself to become the tool that brought that calf into existence.
3) Concerning Aaron, Moses uses the term le-hashmido, God wanted to wipe him out including his children. Moses then states "your sin which you committed, the calf that I took," in order to state clearly that Aaron's death or the death of his two sons was not due to his having personally participated in the sin of the golden calf. Aaron's innocence had been clear to Moses already at the time he smashed the tablets; therefore it had to be mentioned at this juncture. If further proof were needed of the people's frequent disobedience, the attempt to enter Canaan despite Gods warning not to do so after the return of the spies, is ample evidence. There can be no greater kind of disobedience than that. Disobedience does not require some tangible symbol, or some leader around whom the people would gather and whom they would hold responsible for failure to implement their wishes successfully.
4) Moses demonstrates the power of prayer, which began before his descent the first time. At that time he had succeeded in preventing
hashmadah, the wholesale destruction of the people, (
see Exodus 32,
14, "God comforted Himself regarding the evil He had said He would do to His people") Moses wanted to show that he had prayed in three stagess, and that his prayers had been accepted progressively. He had addressed himself to three problems.
1) hash-madah
2) hash-chatah
3) i.e. "do not turn to the obstinacy of this people and its sin." Item one is immediate death of the entire nation. Item two is the eventual demise of the whole nation. Item three would cover the long term effects in the disturbed relationship between Israel and its God.