[Parashat Behar]
[1] (Lev. 25:1:) THEN THE LORD SPOKE UNTO MOSES ON MOUNT SINAI, SAYING. This text is related (to Prov. 28:22): AN EVIL-EYED PERSON MOVES QUICKLY AFTER WEALTH, [AND HE DOES NOT KNOW THAT POVERTY WILL COME TO HIM]. This verse speaks about a lot of Adam's children: {about Cain, about Ephron, and about one who lends at interest}.1 [AN EVIL-EYED PERSON MOVES QUICKLY AFTER WEALTH. This was Cain, since he killed his brother so that he would inherit the world for himself. Ergo (in Prov. 28:22): AN EVIL-EYED PERSON MOVES QUICKLY AFTER WEALTH.] The Holy One said: You moved quickly to become rich and inherit the world. By your life, you shall have a loss in the matter. Ergo (in Prov. 28:22): AND HE DOES NOT KNOW THAT POVERTY WILL COME TO HIM. And what happened to him? That he wandered about the world, as stated (in Gen. 4:12): YOU SHALL BECOME A CEASELESS WANDERER ON THE EARTH. Ergo (in Prov. 28:22): AN EVIL-EYED PERSON MOVES QUICKLY AFTER WEALTH: This is Cain.
Another interpretation (of Prov. 28:22):
AN EVIL-EYED PERSON MOVES QUICKLY AFTER WEALTH. This was Ephron the Hittite.
2 When Abraham's wife Sarah died, Abraham went to Ephron for him to sell him the cave. Ephron said to him: Give me its price. He said to him (in Gen. 23:15):
WHAT IS A PIECE OF LAND WORTH FOUR HUNDRED SHEKELS OF SILVER BETWEEN YOU AND ME? SO BURY YOUR DEAD. Abraham began piling up the silver for Ephron, as stated (in Gen. 23:16):
SO ABRAHAM HEEDED EPHRON, AND ABRAHAM WEIGHED OUT THE SILVER FOR EPHRON…. Ben Ma'ma said: Although R. Hanina has said: All the shekels in the Torah are
sela'im, these < shekels > are an exception, since they are
centenaria.3 < It was > four hundred centenaria < that > Abraham piled up before Ephron. When Ephron saw the silver, he moved quickly and was persuaded, as stated (in Gen. 23:6):
BURY YOUR DEAD IN THE CHOICEST OF OUR TOMBS. The Holy One said to him: You have moved quickly after money.
(Prov. 28:22):
AN EVIL-EYED PERSON MOVES QUICKLY AFTER WEALTH. By your life, you shall have a loss in the matter. (
Prov. 28:22, cont.):
AND HE DOES NOT KNOW THAT POVERTY (
HSR)
WILL COME TO HIM. And what was his loss (rt.:
HSR)? R. Judah bar Shallum the Levite said: Every
EPHRON which is written here < in Scripture >, before he took the silver from Abraham, is written plene as '
PRWN (i.e., with the vowel
O represented by the Hebrew consonant
W); but this < usage > (in Gen. 23:6) is deficient (
HSR):
AND ABRAHAM WEIGHED OUT THE SILVER FOR EPHRON ('
PRN). It is written with the
W missing (
HSR).
Another interpretation (of Prov. 28:22): AN EVIL-EYED PERSON MOVES QUICKLY AFTER WEALTH. This is the one who lends at interest, because he is anxious to become wealthy. He lends in order to receive interest from the borrower and becomes wealthy from the interest. But a curse is given through his riches, AND (ibid., cont.) HE DOES NOT KNOW THAT POVERTY WILL COME TO HIM.
Another interpretation (of Prov. 28:22): [< AN EVIL-EYED PERSON > MOVES QUICKLY AFTER WEALTH…. ] This represents those who engage in business in the Sabbatical Year, in that they move quickly to become rich. They do not observe the Sabbatical Year but are intent on becoming rich. The Holy One said to them: You have moved quickly to become rich from the Sabbatical Year. By your life, you shall have a loss in the matter. But he only acted when he did not observe the Sabbatical Year. The curse began entering into his money, and he sold all that he had. What is written elsewhere on the matter (in Lev. 25:2): THE LAND SHALL OBSERVE A SABBATH FOR THE LORD. And after that it is written (in vs. 14): AND WHEN YOU MAKE A SALE.
[2] R. Eleazar haQappar said: It is written (in Cant. 5:15):
HIS LEGS ARE PILLARS OF MARBLE, SET UPON SOCKETS OF FINE GOLD…. If a column does not have a capital above and a pedestal
4 below, it does not seem beautiful.
5 R. Samuel ben Gedaliah said: You do have no section in the Torah which does not have a capital above and a pedestal below.
6 What is written above of the matter (in Lev. 25:1–2:)?
THEN THE LORD SPOKE UNTO MOSES ON MOUNT SINAI, SAYING: SPEAK UNTO THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL [….]
THE LAND SHALL OBSERVE < A SABBATH FOR THE LORD >. Then after that < comes > the section on the Jubilee (in vs. 8):
AND YOU SHALL COUNT SEVEN SABBATHS OF YEARS. If one has not observed the Sabbatical Year and the Jubilee, he will end up selling his chattels, [as stated] (in vs. 14):
AND WHEN YOU MAKE A SALE….
7 < If > he repents, < all > is well; but if not, he will end up selling his field, [as stated] (in vs. 25):
WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR AND SELLS SOME OF HIS PROPERTY < …. > < If > he repents, that is preferable; but if not, he will end up selling his house, as stated (in vs. 29):
AND WHEN SOMEONE SELLS A DWELLING HOUSE. < If > he repents, that is preferable; but if not, he will end up going around < begging > at doorways, as stated (in vs. 35):
AND WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR…,
< YOU SHALL MAINTAIN HIM AS A FOREIGNER AND SOJOURNER AND LET HIM LIVE NEAR YOU >. < If > he repents, that is preferable; but if not, he will end up being sold to you, as stated (in vs. 39): [
AND WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR]
NEAR YOU AND IS SOLD TO YOU < …. > < If > he repents, that is preferable; but if not, he will end up being sold to the gentiles, as stated (in vs. 47):
AND WHEN A FOREIGNER AND A SOJOURNER NEAR YOU BECOMES WEALTHY, < WHILE YOUR RELATIVE NEAR HIM BECOMES POOR AND IS SOLD TO A SOJOURNING FOREIGNER NEAR YOU….
> Now it is not merely the individual himself < at issue here >, but that person and all Israel; for so you find in the days of Jeremiah, because they profaned the Sabbatical Year, they were sold to the gentiles, as stated (in II Chron. 36:17–18):
SO HE BROUGHT UP THE KING OF THE CHALDEANS UPON THEM [….]
AND ALL THE VESSELS OF THE HOUSE OF GOD […,]
AND THE TREASURES OF THE HOUSE OF THE LORD […,]
< ALL THESE HE BROUGHT TO BABYLON >. Consider the case of Israel. The Holy One said to Moses: See how they will be sold to the gentiles because they profaned the Sabbatical Year. He said to him: Sovereign of the World, did you not say this (in Lev. 25:35):
AND WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR, [
AND HIS STRENGTH FAILS NEAR YOU],
< YOU SHALL MAINTAIN HIM AS A FOREIGNER AND SOJOURNER AND LET HIM LIVE NEAR YOU >? Fulfill what you said. [Israel is your brother (
ah), as stated (in Ps. 122:8):
FOR THE SAKE]
OF MY RELATIVES (
ah)
AND FRIENDS. (Lev. 25:35:)
AND WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR, AND HIS STRENGTH FAILS NEAR YOU, < i.e., > when their strength fails before Nebuchadnezzar, the Divine Presence, as it were, will be with them. It is so stated (in Is. 43:14):
FOR YOUR SAKE I HAVE SENT TO BABYLON. (
Lev. 25:35, cont.:)
YOU SHALL MAINTAIN HIM. Take them (i.e., Israel) by the hand, lest they perish by his (Babylon's) hand. But how? (
Lev. 25:35, cont.:)
AS A FOREIGNER AND SOJOURNER AND LET HIM LIVE NEAR YOU. Although they became foreigners and sojourners in Babylon, just
LET HIM LIVE NEAR YOU. The Holy One said to him: Because of their sins I have sold my house to the Chaldeans, as stated (in Lev. 25:29):
AND WHEN SOMEONE SELLS A DWELLING HOUSE. This is the house of the Holy One. Thus it is stated (in Ps. 132:13):
FOR THE LORD HAS CHOSEN ZION; HE HAS DESIRED IT FOR HIS DWELLING. And what happened to it? (II Kings 25:9 = Jer. 52:13:)
AND HE BURNED THE HOUSE OF THE LORD. (
Lev. 25:29, cont.:)
< IN > A WALLED CITY. [This is the city of the Holy One, as stated] (in II Chron. 36:19):
AND THEY BROKE DOWN THE WALLS OF JERUSALEM…. That is what the Holy One says (in Lev. 25:47):
AND WHEN A FOREIGNER AND A SOJOURNER < NEAR YOU > BECOMES WEALTHY. This wealthy foreigner is Nebuchadnezzar, and this sojourner is the Median empire. (Ibid., cont.:)
< WHILE YOUR RELATIVE NEAR HIM BECOMES POOR > AND IS SOLD TO A SOJOURNING FOREIGNER NEAR YOU. This < sojourning foreigner] is the Greek empire. (Ibid., cont.:)
OR TO AN OFFSHOOT OF A FOREIGNER'S FAMILY. This is the fourth empire (i.e., Rome). Moses said to the Holy One: Sovereign of the World: Why were they sold to these empires? He said to him: Because they profaned the Sabbatical Year. It is so stated (in II Chron. 36:20–21):
THEN HE CARRIED OFF UNTO BABYLON THOSE LEFT FROM THE SWORD, AND THEY BECAME SLAVES TO HIM AND HIS CHILDREN, UNTIL THE RULE OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE, IN ORDER TO FULFILL THE WORD OF THE LORD IN THE MOUTH OF JEREMIAH, UNTIL THE LAND MADE UP ITS SABBATHS. AS LONG AS IT LAYDESOLATE, IT OBSERVED SABBATH, TO FULFILL SEVENTY YEARS. Therefore the Holy One said to Moses: Is it your wish that they do not go into exile? < Then > warn them concerning the Sabbatical Years and the Jubilees. That is what he has said at the end of all the sections (in Lev. 26:2):
YOU SHALL OBSERVE MY SABBATHS AND REVERENCE MY SANCTUARY. I AM THE LORD. I am the one who is going to give you a good reward, if you observe them; but if not, I am going to exact retribution from them through the empires. Therefore, warn them about the Sabbatical Year. Thus it is stated (in Lev. 25:2):
THE LAND SHALL OBSERVE A SABBATH FOR THE LORD, so that they do not attain < the punishments in > those sections written below (in Lev. 26:14–45).
[3] (Lev. 25:14:)
AND WHEN YOU MAKE A SALE TO YOUR NEIGHBOR, [
OR BUY FROM YOUR NEIGHBOR'S HAND,]
LET NONE OF YOU DECEIVE HIS FELLOW. Thus you shall not deceive one another, for I also have sold. When? When Abraham observed the commandments of the Holy One. Before the Torah was given, our father Abraham kept it [and observed all the commandments that are in the Torah. R. Samuel bar Nahman said in the name of R. Alexandra: Abraham even observed the
eruvim of cooked foods.
8 Thus it is stated (in Gen. 26:5):
BECAUSE ('
QB '
ShR)
ABRAHAM HEEDED MY VOICE AND KEPT MY CHARGE: < MY COMMANDMENTS, MY STATUTES, AND MY TORAHS >. What is the meaning of '
QB?
9 R. Simeon ben Laqish said: At the age of three years Abraham recognized the Holy One.
10 '
QB is a number. ' (i.e., '
ayin) is seventy,
Q (i.e.,
Qof) is one hundred, < and >
B (i.e.,
bet) is two, for a total of one hundred seventy-two. Now (according to Gen. 25:7) Abraham lived one hundred seventy-five < years >. Deduct from them. < The result is > three, when he was little. Ergo: At the age of three years Abraham recognized the Holy One.] When the Holy One saw how Abraham loved the commandments, he began buying heavenly and earthly < places > for him, as stated (in Gen. 14:19):
BLESSED BE ABRAM OF GOD MOST HIGH, [
BUYER11 OF HEAVEN AND EARTH. So also it says
(Gen. 13:15):
FOR ALL THE LAND WHICH YOU SEE, TO YOU I WILL GIVE IT.] The Holy One said: All the world is wholly mine; and I bought it for Abraham, because he has observed my commandments. But you [through your sins] have cause me to be [like] an alien who rents a house from its owners, for so Jeremiah has said (in Jer. 14:8):
WHY ARE YOU LIKE A FOREIGNER IN THE LAND? When you sinned before me, I sold you, as stated (in Ps. 44:13 [12]):
YOU SHALL SELL YOUR PEOPLE FOR NO MONEY…. For that reason, if someone has to sell a house, a field, or < some > article, you shall not deceive one another. It is therefore written (in Lev. 25:14):
LET NONE OF YOU DECEIVE HIS FELLOW. (Ibid., vs. 17)
AND LET NO ONE DECEIVE HIS NEIGHBOR.
[4] (
Lev. 25:18, 23:)
SO YOU SHALL CARRY OUT MY STATUTES…. [
BUT THE LAND MAY NOT BE SOLD PERMANENTLY.] The Holy One said to him: Similarly I sold my people and returned again to reinstate them, as stated (Jer. 3:14:)
TURN BACK, FAITHLESS CHILDREN, SAYS THE LORD; FOR I AM A MASTER TO YOU. It is also written (in Is. 52:3): [
FOR]
THUS SAYS THE LORD: YOU WERE SOLD FOR FREE, AND YOU SHALL BE REDEEMED FOR NO MONEY. You shall therefore not sell the land absolutely, since it is stated (in Lev. 25:23):
BUT THE LAND MAY NOT BE SOLD PERMANENTLY, FOR THE LAND BELONGS TO ME. The land of Israel is dear to me because I have made it holier than all the < other > lands. You yourself know, when the land of Israel was distributed to the tribes, it did not pass from tribe to tribe. Rather [it was distributed] to each tribe separately. You yourself know. So look at how many lawsuits the daughters of Zelophehad brought, so that their inheritance would not pass from one tribe to another. Moreover the Holy One gave thanks for their words, as stated (in Numb. 27:7):
THE DAUGHTERS OF ZELOPHEHAD SPEAK WHAT IS RIGHT…. (Numb. 36:9:)
THUS NO INHERITANCE SHALL BE TRANSFERRED FROM ONE TRIBE TO ANOTHER. Therefore, if a redeemer is found for it, fine; but if not, whoever takes it acquires it until the Jubilee. Then on the Jubilee he releases it. Thus it is stated (in Lev. 25:41):
THEN HE SHALL DEPART {
IN THE JUBILEE} [
FROM YOU],
HE AND HIS CHILDREN WITH HIM. The Holy One said: When the year of the redemption draws near, I will redeem you, as stated (in Is. 63:4):
FOR A DAY OF VENGEANCE WAS IN MY HEART, BUT THERE CAME MY YEAR OF REDEMPTION.
[5] (Lev. 25:25:)
WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR AND SELLS SOME OF HIS PROPERTY < …. > This text is related (to Prov. 22:22–23):
DO NOT ROB THE IMPOVERISHED BECAUSE HE IS IMPOVERISHED…; FOR THE LORD SHALL PLEAD THEIR CAUSE…. The Holy One said to Israel: Do not rob the impoverished because he is impoverished, for I have made him impoverished, and whoever robs him or mocks at him reproaches his maker.
12 < It is > as if he is mocking at me. It is so stated (in Prov. 17:5):
ONE WHO MOCKS A POOR PERSON REPROACHES HIS MAKER. What is the meaning of
(Prov. 22:22):
DO NOT ROB THE IMPOVERISHED? Is there someone robbing the impoverished? Of what does he rob him, when he is impoverished?
13 It is simply that, if you are accustomed to maintaining
14 him, < if > you have reconsidered and said: How long do I supply him? and < if > you are holding back from giving to him; know that you are robbing him. Ergo (in Prov. 22:22):
DO NOT ROB THE IMPOVERISHED < BECAUSE HE IS IMPOVERISHED >; but maintain him, because there is no other place for him. (Ibid., cont.:)
AND DO NOT OPPRESS THE POOR IN THE GATE, lest I stop up the heavens because of you; for they (i.e., the heavens) are also called a gate, where it is stated (in Gen. 28:17):
< THIS IS NOTHING BUT THE ABODE OF GOD, > AND THIS ISA GATE, THE HEAVENS.
15 (Prov. 22:23):
FOR THE LORD SHALL PLEAD THEIR CAUSE. I am pleading < their cause > with you,
16 because I made him poor and you rich. I am inverting my charm
17 and will make him rich and you poor. Thus it is stated (in Prov. 22:2):
RICH AND POOR MEET; THE LORD MADE THEM ALL. Why? (Prov. 22:23:)
FOR THE LORD SHALL PLEAD THEIR CAUSE. Why? Because you are reducing his livelihood (
nefesh), if you do not maintain him. Therefore (ibid., cont.):
AND HE WILL ROB THE ONES WHO ROB THEM OF LIFE (
nefesh).
[6] (Lev. 25:25:) WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR AND SELLS SOME OF HIS PROPERTY, THEN HIS REDEEMER SHALL COME, THE ONE MOST CLOSELY RELATED < TO HIM, AND REDEEM >…. Who is his redeemer?18 I am he, as stated (in Jer. 50:33–34): THUS SAYS THE LORD: < THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL > ARE OPPRESSED…. THEIR REDEEMER IS MIGHTY, < HIS NAME IS > THE LORD < OF HOSTS >.
[Another interpretation (of Lev. 25:25:) WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR.] Seven names are given to the poor.19 They are the following: crushed (dakh), poor ('ani), lowly (makh), dispossessed (rash), oppressed (TKK),20 wretched (misken), and pauper (evyon).
[7] (Lev. 25:25:) WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR…. This text is related (to Ps. 106:43): MANY TIMES HE DELIVERED THEM…; [SO THEY BECAME POOR THROUGH THEIR INIQUITY]. You find that in the days of the judges Israel served idols; so they were enslaved in the hands of the peoples of the world, as stated (in Jud. 3:7–8): THEN THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL DID EVIL IN THE SIGHT OF THE LORD…. < SO THE ANGER OF THE LORD WAS KINDLED AGAINST ISRAEL, AND HE DELIVERED THEM INTO THE HANDS OF KING CUSH-RISHATHAIM OF ARAM-NAHARAIM…. > What did they do (according to vs. 9)? THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL CRIED UNTO THE LORD, AND THE LORD RAISED UP A SAVIOR FOR THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL [TO SAVE THEM, I.E.,] OTHNIEL BENKENAZ. They immediately repented and were redeemed. So < it happened > another time, [as stated] (in Jud. 3:12): THEN THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL AGAIN DID EVIL < … >; SO THE LORD STRENGTHENED EGLON…. [They immediately repented;] so the Lord raised up a redeemer for them {when they repented}, Ehud [ben Gera; and they were redeemed at his hands]. Then they served idols again and were sold into the hands of Sisera, as stated (in Jud. 4:3): AND HE OPPRESSED THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL WITH MIGHT. What is the meaning of WITH MIGHT? R. Simeon ben Levi said: With blasphemies and with curses,21 just as you say (in Mal. 3:13): YOUR WORDS HAVE BEEN MIGHTY AGAINST ME. When they repented, he raised up Barak and Deborah as redeemers for them; [and they were redeemed at their hands]. Ergo (in Ps. 106:43): MANY TIMES HE DELIVERED THEM…; SO THEY BECAME POOR THROUGH THEIR INIQUITY. What is the meaning of SO THEY BECAME POOR THROUGH THEIR INIQUITY? That they became impoverished in the midst of the nations, as stated (in Jud. 6:6): AND ISRAEL BECAME VERY IMPOVERISHED…. What is the meaning of AND < … > BECAME < … > IMPOVERISHED? R. Isaac and R. Levi differed. One said that they were impoverished (rt.: DLL) from good works, and the other said that they did not have < enough > to bring even a poor person's (rt.: DLL) offering, as stated (in Lev. 14:21): IF, HOWEVER, HE IS POOR (rt.: DLL) [AND DOES NOT HAVE THE MEANS…. ] Ergo (in Ps. 106:43): SO THEY BECAME POOR, because they had become impoverished (rt.: DLL).
[8] Another interpretation (of Ps. 106:43): MANY TIMES HE DELIVERED THEM. < These words > speak about the children of Adam.22 When trouble comes to one < of them >, he immediately repents, and the Holy One delivers him. So it is the first time and the second. < If > he repents, that is preferable; but if not, < the Holy One > brings trouble upon him. Why? Because it is difficult for the Holy One to raise his hand against a human being. So what does he do to him? When he sins, he begins by raising his hand against his assets. From whom have you learned it? From Naomi, her sons, and Elimelech, who was the head of < his > generation. When famine came, what did he do? He left the land of Israel and went to the land of Moab. Now the Holy One was angry with him because he was prince (nasi) of < his > generation. The Holy One said to him: If my children had acted like this, they would have left the land of Israel a wilderness. What is written there (in Ruth 1:3)? THEN NAOMI'S HUSBAND ELIMELECH DIED, but his sons were unable to learn from their father to return to the land of Israel. And what did they do in addition? (According to vs. 4) THEY TOOK MOABITE WIVES FOR THEMSELVES, whom they neither baptized nor proselytized.23 (Ibid., cont.:) THE NAME OF THE ONE WAS ORPAH ('RPH) AND THE NAME OF THE SECOND WAS RUTH: ORPAH ('RPH), because she turned her back ('RP) on her mother-in-law; RUTH, because she regarded (R'TH) the words of her mother-in-law. (Ibid., cont.:) AND THEY LIVED THERE ABOUT TEN YEARS. All those ten years (in Moab) the Holy One had been warning them. When he saw that they did not repent, he began to raise his hand against their camels and against their cattle; but they did not return.24 When he saw that they did not repent (literally: return in repentance), immediately (in vs. 5): BOTH OF THEM, MAHLON AND CHILION, ALSO DIED. Thus < you may infer > that it is difficult for the Holy One to raise his hand against a human being. So what does he do to them? He deprives them of their assets, and they sell them.
When someone sins, what does the Holy One do to him first? He brings poverty upon him so that he sells his field, as stated (in Lev. 25:25): WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR AND SELLS SOME OF HIS PROPERTY.25 If he repents, then fine; but if not he sells his house, as stated (in Lev. 25:29): AND WHEN SOMEONE SELLS A DWELLING HOUSE. If he repents, then fine; but if not he sells his daughter, as stated (in Exod. 21:7): AND IF SOMEONE SELLS HIS DAUGHTER AS A SLAVE. If he repents, then fine; but if not he sells himself, as stated (in Deut. 15:12): IF THERE IS SOLD TO YOU A FELLOW HEBREW. Why all this? Because they became poor through < their > iniquities. (Lev. 25:25:) WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR.
(Lev. 25:25:)
< WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR AND SELLS SOME OF HIS PROPERTY, > THEN HIS REDEEMER SHALL COME, < THE ONE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO HIM, AND REDEEM….
> Who was this? Boaz. When? When Naomi sold the field, as stated (in Ruth 4:3):
NAOMI IS SELLING THE PARCEL OF LAND WHICH BELONGED TO OUR KINSMAN ELIMELECH. Ergo (in Lev. 25:25):
AND SELLS SOME OF HIS PROPERTY. R. Simeon ben Johay said: Elimelech, Salmon, So-and-So,
26 and Naomi's father were all descendants of Nahshon ben Amminadab.
27 Elimelech, Mahlon, and Chilion were leaders
28 of the generation. So for what reason were they punished? Because they went abroad from the land of Israel. Thus it is stated (in Ruth 1:19):
< WHEN THEY CAME TO BETHLEHEM, > THE WHOLE CITY WAS EXCITED OVER THEM, AND THE WOMEN SAID: IS THIS NAOMI? What is the meaning of
IS THIS NAOMI? You saw Naomi when she went abroad from the land of Israel. What has happened to her? (Lev. 25:25:)
THEN HIS REDEEMER (
go'el)
SHALL COME, < THE ONE MOST CLOSELY RELATED (
qarov) >. This is Boaz, since it is stated (in Ruth 2:20):
THE MAN IS OUR RELATIVE (
qarov),
HE IS ONE OF OUR REDEEMING KIN (
go'el). At that time Ruth went to Boaz. Her mother-in-law said to her (in Ruth 3:2):
SEE, HE IS WINNOWING BARLEY ON THE THRESHING FLOOR TONIGHT. < If > he was a prince (
nasi), would he have been winnowing on a threshing floor?
29 It is simply because his generation was dissolute in sexual matters, that he went out to guard his threshing floor. She said to her (in vs. 3):
YOU ARE TO WASH AND ANOINT YOURSELF. Then after that (ibid):
AND GO DOWN TO THE THRESHING FLOOR. "And I shall go down" is {not written} [the actual written text (
ketiv)]. She said to her: My merit will go down with you.
30 She did not do as her mother-in-law had told her. What did Ruth do? After she went down to the threshing floor, she did < what she was told >, as stated (in vs. 6):
SHE WENT DOWN TO THE THRESHING FLOOR AND DID JUST AS HER MOTHER-IN-LAW HAD COMMANDED HER.
31 Why? It is simply that she said: The generation was dissolute in sexual matters. What if they see me made up and say: Perhaps she is a harlot? (Vs. 7:)
THEN, WHEN BOAZ HAD EATEN AND DRUNK, AND HIS HEART WAS MERRY. What is the meaning of
AND HIS HEART WAS MERRY? That he was busy at the Torah.
32 Thus it is stated (by wisdom in Prov. 9:5):
COME AND EAT OF MY BREAD. (
Ruth 3:7, cont.:)
AND WHEN HE CAME TO LIE DOWN BESIDE THE GRAIN PILE, THEN SHE CAME IN SECRET. [What is the meaning of
IN SECRET (
LT; rt.:
LWT)? In a hiding place,] just as you say (in I Sam. 21:10 [9]):
HERE IT IS WRAPPED (rt.:
LWT)
IN A MANTLE. (Ruth 3:8:)
NOW IT CAME TO PASS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT THAT THE MAN WAS STARTLED. SO HE TURNED ASIDE, < AND HERE WAS A WOMAN LYING AT HIS FEET >. What is the meaning of
TURNED ASIDE (rt.:
LPT)? That he seized her head, because he thought that it was a spirit.
33 < It is > just as you say (in Jud. 16:29):
AND SAMSON EMBRACED (rt.:
LPT)
THE TWO MIDDLE PILLARS. (Ruth
3:9:)
THEN HE SAID: WHO ARE YOU? AND SHE SAID: I AM YOUR HANDMAID RUTH. He said to her: what have you come here to do? She said to him: To fulfill the Torah (in Lev. 25:25):
WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR…, [
THEN HIS REDEEMER SHALL COME]. Arise and fulfill the Torah. He said to her: Since you have come to fulfill the Torah, (Ruth 3:13:)
SPEND THE NIGHT. THEN IT SHALL COME TO PASS IN THE MORNING THAT, IF HE WILL REDEEM YOU, GOOD (
tov); for he had a kinsman older than he, whose name was Tov. R. Hanina said: She said to him: Are you dismissing me with words? He said to her (Ibid., cont.):
AS THE LORD LIVES, I am not dismissing you with words. (Ruth 4:1:)
THEN BOAZ WENT UP TO THE GATE AND SAT DOWN THERE, < AND BEHOLD, THE REDEEMER OF WHOM BOAZ HAD SPOKEN WAS PASSING BY >. He said to him: Sit down, and we shall look into the Torah. What < is written > (in Lev. 25:25)?
WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR < AND SELLS SOME OF HIS PROPERTY, THEN HIS REDEEMER SHALL COME, THE ONE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO HIM, AND REDEEM….
> Boaz said to Tov (in Ruth 4:3–4):
NAOMI IS SELLING THE PARCEL OF LAND WHICH BELONGED TO OUR KINSMAN ELIMELECH < …; >
AND I THOUGHT I SHOULD DISCLOSE IT TO YOU, SAYING: BUY IT, since you are an older kinsman than I < and have the right > to redeem it. (Vs. 4, cont.:)
IF YOU WILL REDEEM IT, REDEEM IT. (Vs. 6:)
THEN THE REDEEMER SAID {
TO BOAZ}:
< YOU > TAKE OVER < MY RIGHT OF REDEMPTION > FOR YOURSELF. At that time Boaz redeemed what Naomi had sold. Now from where did Boaz learn < what to do >? From this section (in Lev. 25:25):
WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR AND SELLS SOME OF HIS PROPERTY, < THEN HIS REDEEMER SHALL COME, THE ONE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO HIM, AND REDEEM….
>
[9] (Lev. 25:25:)
WHEN YOUR RELATIVE BECOMES POOR. This is Israel, of whom it is stated (in Ps. 106:43):
SO THEY BECAME POOR THROUGH THEIR INIQUITY.
34 (
Lev. 25:25, cont.:)
AND SELLS SOME OF HIS PROPERTY, into the hand of a Mede, < i.e., > into the hands of Haman. (
Lev. 25:25, cont.:)
THEN HIS REDEEMER SHALL COME. This is Mordecai. (
Lev. 25:25, cont.:)
AND REDEEM WHAT HIS RELATIVE HAS SOLD, in that he covered up the sins of Israel, since they all were deserving of slaughter, because they had eaten some cooked food of star worshipers.
35 It is so stated (in Esth. 1:5):
AND WHEN THESE DAYS WERE FULFILLED, THE KING MADE < A SEVEN-DAY BANQUET > FOR ALL THE PEOPLE < THAT WERE TO BE FOUND IN SHUSHAN THE CAPITAL, BOTH GREAT AND SMALL >…. Now Haman was jealous of them (i.e., of the Jews), as stated (in Esth. 3:7):
PUR, < i.e.,
THE LOT, > WAS CAST < BEFORE HAMAN >….
36 But due to Mordecai they were delivered, as stated (in Esth. 9:1):
THE OPPOSITE HAPPENED, < IN THAT THE JEWS GAINED CONTROL OVER THEIR ENEMIES >. Ergo (in (
Lev. 25:25, cont.:)
AND REDEEM WHAT HIS RELATIVE HAS SOLD.
Another interpretation (of Lev. 25:25, cont.:)
THEN HIS REDEEMER SHALL COME, THE ONE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO HIM. This is the Holy One, since it is stated (in Jer. 50:34):
THEIR REDEEMER IS MIGHTY, < HIS NAME IS > THE LORD < OF HOSTS >.
(Lev. 25:25):
THE ONE MOST CLOSELY RELATED (
qarov)
TO HIM. This is the Holy One, since it is stated (in Ps. 148:14):
HE HAS RAISED UP A HORN FOR HIS PEOPLE, PRAISE FOR ALL HIS SAINTS, EVEN THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL, A PEOPLE NEAR (
qarov)
TO HIM. HALLELUJAH.
The End of Parashah Behar
1. Tanh., Lev. 9:1.
2. See above, Tanh. (Buber), Exod. 6:5; and the parallels listed there; below, Tanh. (Buber), Deut. 4:4.
3. The word is Latin. One centenarium was worth 100,000 sesterces. According to a fourth-century inscription of northern Africa, a centenarium was a hundred pieces (e.g., of gold). See A. Souter, A Glossary of Later Latin to 600 A.D. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1957). s.v.
4. Gk.: basis.
5. Tanh., Lev. 9:1; see Lev. R. 25:8.
6. The parallel in Lev. R. 25:8 explains that each section can be expounded with reference to what precedes and follows it.
7. T’Arakh. 5:9; below, 9:8.
8. See above, Tanh. (Buber), Gen. 3:1, and the notes there.
9. Gen. R. 95:3; Cant. R. 5:16:1; PR 21:12; cf. Ned. 32a.
10. So also Numb. R. 18:21. According to other traditions Abraham recognized his creator at the age of forty-eight (Gen. R. 30:8; 46:2; Cant. R. 5:16:1), at the age of fifty (PR 21:12), or at the age of one (Gen. R. 95:3).
11. Qoneh. A more traditional rendering of this word here would be MAKER.
12. Tanh., Lev. 9:2.
13. Cf. Numb. R. 5:2.
14. PRNS. Cf. the Gk.: pronoein (“to plan ahead”).
15. Such is the interpretation of the midrash. Cf. the more traditional 1985 JPS translation: AND THAT (i.e., Jacob’s ladder) IS THE GATEWAY TO HEAVEN.
16. This expansion comes from the parallel in Tanh., Lev. 2.
17. Gk.: magganon.
18. Tanh., Lev. 9:3.
19. Cf. Lev. R. 34:6, which lists eight names.
20. Cf. Codex Vaticanus Ebr. 34; and the parallel in Tanh., Lev. 9:3, both of which read tekhakhim; cf. also Lev. R. 34:6, followed by Yalqut Shim‘oni, Lev. 665, which reads dal (“impoverished”) here.
21. See above, 2:4, and the note there.
22. Tanh., Lev. 9:3.
23. Ruth R. 2:9.
24. Lev. R. 17:4; Ruth R. 2:10; PRK 7:10; PR 17:6.
25. T‘Arakh. 5:9; above, 9:2.
26. Peloni Almoni. According to Ruth 4:1, this was the “name” of Ruth’s most closely related redeemer.
27. BB 91a. See Ruth 4:20–21; also Exod. 6:23, according to which Nahshon ben Amminadab was Aaron’s brother-in-law.
28. Rt.: PRNS. Cf. the Gk.: pronoos (“prudent”).
29. Above, Exod. 3:16.
30. Ruth R. 5:12.
31. In other words, since she only obeyed Naomi after she had arrived at the threshing floor, she must have neglected to wash and anoint herself.
32. Ruth R. 5:15.
33. See above, Exod. 3:16; Ruth R. 6:1, both of which explain further that he felt her head for hair, because demons have no hair.
34. Tanh., Lev. R. 9:4.
35. See Esth. R. 2:5.
36. The previous verse indicates that the lot was being cast to determine the best time to move against all the Jews of the kingdom.