[Parashat Vayera]
[1] (Gen. 18:1:)
THEN THE LORD APPEARED UNTO HIM…. Let our master instruct us: How many blessings does one pray every day?
1 Thus have our masters taught (in
Ber. 4:3):
ONE MUST PRAY THE EIGHTEEN BENEDICTIONS.
2 And why eighteen?
3 < They > correspond to the eighteen references to the Divine Name which are written in
(Ps. 29) ASCRIBE TO THE LORD, O HEAVENLY BEINGS. They reply to R. Levi:
4 But does not one say nineteen in Babylon? He said to them: That also is from references to the Divine Name, as stated (in Ps. 29:3):
THE GOD (El) OF GLORY THUNDERS.
5 R. Simon said: < The Eighteen > correspond to the eighteen vertebrae which are in the spine, since when one stands to pray, it is necessary to bend over with all of them. Thus it is stated (in Ps. 35:10):
ALL MY BONES SHALL SAY: LORD, WHO IS LIKE YOU? The Holy One said: Be strictly observant in prayer, for you have no finer way than that. And even though a person is not worth answering, I shall show him loving-kindness, since all my ways are loving-kindness. R. Simlay said: Do you want to know that all the Holy One's ways are loving-kindness?
6 At the beginning of Torah he has adorned the bride, as stated (in Gen. 2:22):
THEN THE LORD GOD BUILT THE RIB < WHICH HE HAD TAKEN FROM THE HUMAN INTO A WOMAN >.
7 Also at the end of < the Torah > there is loving-kindness in that he buried the dead, as stated (in Deut. 34:6):
THEN HE (THE HOLY ONE) BURIED HIM (MOSES) IN THE VALLEY. Moreover, in the middle < of the Torah > he visited the sick, as stated (in Gen. 18:1):
THEN THE LORD APPEARED UNTO HIM. As soon as Abraham had circumcised < himself > (in Gen. 17:24), the Holy One and his entourage
8 came to visit him. {It is so stated} [Where is it shown? Where they read on the matter] (in Gen. 18:1):
THEN THE LORD APPEARED UNTO HIM.
[2] [(Gen. 18:1:) THEN THE LORD WAS AWESOME UNTO HIM.]9 This text is related (to Is. 66:1-3): THUS SAYS THE LORD: THE HEAVENS ARE MY THRONE … FOR ALL THESE THINGS HAS MY HAND MADE … < BUT UNTO THIS PERSON WILL I LOOK: UNTO ONE WHO IS POOR AND OF A CONTRITE SPIRIT, WHO TREMBLES AT MY WORD, WHO > 10 SLAUGHTERS THE OX, WHO SLAYS A HUMAN, WHO SACRIFICES THE LAMB…. Who is trembling at the words of the Holy One? This is Abraham, < for > (according to Gen. 18:1) THEN THE LORD WAS AWESOME UNTO HIM…. What is written (in Is. 66:2)? BUT ON THIS PERSON WILL I LOOK: UNTO ONE WHO IS POOR AND OF A CONTRITE SPIRIT, WHO TREMBLES AT MY WORD. Now, if you want to know that the text is speaking about Abraham, see what is written (in vs. 3): WHO SLAUGHTERS THE OX. This is Abraham (according to Gen. 18:7): THEN ABRAHAM RAN UNTO THE HERD, < TOOK A CALF >…. (Is. 66:3, cont.:) WHO SLAYS A HUMAN < refers to > the one who killed Nimrod, < and > Nimrod is Amraphel (of Gen. 14).11 (Is. 66:3, cont.:) WHO SACRIFICES THE LAMB. When? When he offered up his son Isaac as stated (in Gen. 22:8): GOD WILL SEE TO THE LAMB [FOR A BURNT OFFERING], MY SON.
[3] Another interpretation (of Is. 66:1-2): THUS SAYS THE LORD: THE HEAVENS ARE MY THRONE … FOR ALL THESE THINGS HAS MY HAND MADE … < YET UNTO THIS PERSON WILL I LOOK: UNTO ONE WHO IS POOR AND OF A CONTRITE SPIRIT >. Our masters have said in the name of R. Eliezer ben Pedat:12 In seven places you find that the Holy One has compared himself with lowly hearts.13 Where are they?
Where it is stated (in Deut. 10:17): FOR THE LORD YOUR GOD IS GOD OF GODS…. See how great is < his > might and how great is < his > praise! Then what is written next (in vs. 18)? HE SECURES JUSTICE FOR THE ORPHAN AND WIDOW.
It is also written (in Ps. 138:6): FOR THOUGH THE LORD IS HIGH, HE HAS REGARD FOR THE HUMBLE….
It is also written (in Is. 57:15): [FOR] THUS SAYS THE HIGH AND EXALTED ONE, WHO INHABITS ETERNITY, WHOSE NAME IS HOLY: I INHABIT THE HIGH AND HOLY PLACE, WITH ONE ALSO THAT IS OF A CONTRITE AND HUMBLE SPIRIT.
It is also written (in Is. 66:1): THUS SAYS THE LORD: THE HEAVENS ARE MY THRONE AND THE EARTH IS MY FOOTSTOOL…. Then there is written (in vs. 2): ALL THESE MY HAND HAS MADE … YET UNTO THIS PERSON WILL I LOOK: UNTO ONE WHO IS POOR AND OF A CONTRITE SPIRIT.
And the rest are in the Book of Psalms
(10:16):
THE LORD IS KING FOR EVER AND EVER. Then there is written after that (in vs. 17):
THE LONGING OF THE MEEK YOU HAVE HEARD, O LORD….
It is also written (in Ps. 68:5 [4]): SING TO GOD, PRAISE HIS NAME, BUILD A WAY FOR THE ONE WHO RIDES IN THE DESERT. What is written after it (in vs. 6 [5])? A FATHER OF ORPHANS AND AN ADVOCATE OF WIDOWS.
It is also written (in Ps. 146:1): HALLELUJAH. PRAISE THE LORD, O MY SOUL! And there is written in the same psalm (at vs. 6): WHO MADE HEAVEN AND EARTH. Then there is written (in vs. 7): WHO SECURES JUSTICE FOR THE OPPRESSED….
For what reason did he come to Abraham? For the reason that he was sitting < there > suffering from his circumcision. He therefore came to visit him.
[4] Another interpretation (of Gen. 18:1):
THEN < THE LORD > APPEARED UNTO HIM…. R. Isaac the Smith began (with Exod. 20:21 [24]):
AN ALTAR OF EARTH YOU SHALL MAKE FOR ME.
14 The Holy One said: Whoever slaughters an ox or a lamb and sheds a little blood, such a one I am coming to bless. Thus it is stated:
AN ALTAR OF EARTH < YOU SHALL MAKE FOR ME, AND YOU SHALL SACRIFICE UPON IT YOUR BURNT OFFERINGS AND YOUR PEACE OFFERINGS, YOUR SHEEP AND YOUR OXEN >. Then it is written (ibid.):
I WILL COME UNTO YOU AND BLESS YOU. How much the more must I bless Abraham, since a river of blood was pouring forth from his house because of the circumcision! It is therefore stated (in Gen. 18:1):
THEN < THE LORD > APPEARED UNTO HIM. So also Moses said (in Lev. 9:6):
THIS IS THE THING WHICH THE LORD HAS COMMANDED < YOU TO DO > THAT < THE GLORY OF THE LORD > MAY APPEAR UNTO YOU. What did the
LORD say (in vs. 7)?
THEN MOSES SAID UNTO AARON: DRAW NEAR < UNTO THE ALTAR AND PERFORM YOUR SIN OFFERING AND YOUR BURNT OFFERING TO ATONE FOR YOURSELF … AS THE LORD HAS COMMANDED >. R. Aha said: Come and see the power which the Holy One set in Abraham, who in one day circumcised himself, the slaves born in his house, and his son Ishmael. So the blood was dripping.
15 Look at how many of his home-born slaves there were! According to what is written (in Gen. 14:14),
HE MUSTERED HIS THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHTEEN HOME-BORN SLAVES. Now, if his home-born slaves numbered so many, how many more were those which his money had purchased! And he circumcised them all in a single day, as stated (in Gen. 17:26f.):
ON THAT VERY DAY ABRAHAM AND HIS SON ISHMAEL WERE CIRCUMCISED; AND ALL THE MEN OF HIS HOUSE, < HOME-BORN SLAVES AND ONES PURCHASED WITH MONEY FROM A FOREIGNER >, WERE CIRCUMCISED ALONG WITH HIM. Then Abraham took all the foreskins which he had circumcised and made a mound of them in the midst of his house, with the result that a river of blood flowed forth from the midst of his house. So the Holy One called the angels and said to them: Come, let us visit the sick one. They said to him: Sovereign of the World,
(Ps. 8:5):
WHAT IS A HUMAN THAT YOU ARE MINDFUL OF HIM AND A CHILD OF ADAM THAT YOU SHOULD VISIT HIM! Also, are you going into a place of defilement, into a place of blood and of uncleanness? He said to them: So you have said. By your life, the odor of this blood is sweeter to me than myrrh and frankincense. If you are not going, then I am going by myself. And so has Solomon said (in Cant. 4:6):
UNTIL THE DAY BECOMES COOL… < I WILL GO UNTO THE MOUNTAIN OF MYRRH AND UNTO THE MOUND OF FRANKINCENSE >. (Josh. 5:3:)
UNTO THE MOUND OF FORESKINS.
16 This < refers to > Abraham, of whom it is stated (in Gen. 18:1):
THEN THE LORD APPEARED UNTO HIM … IN THE HEAT OF THE DAY, since the Holy One had made that day hot.
17
Another interpretation (of Cant. 4:6): UNTIL THE DAY BECOMES COOL. This < refers to the story about > the travelers whom < Abraham > fed. (Ibid., cont.:) AND THE SHADOWS FLEE, since he was not suffering from the circumcision because he was attending them. (Ibid., cont.:) I WILL GO UNTO THE MOUNTAIN OF MYRRH (mor). This < refers > to Abraham,18 of whom it is stated (in Ps. 45:9 [8]): MYRRH, ALOES, AND CASSIA < ARE ON ALL YOUR GARMENTS >.19
Another interpretation (of Cant. 4:6): UNTIL THE DAY BECOMES COOL. This < refers to > the day of judgment. (Ibid., cont.:) AND THE SHADOWS FLEE, since the wicked have no < protective > shadow. It is so stated (in Job 34:22): THERE IS NEITHER DARKNESS NOR SHADOW OF DEATH FOR WORKERS OF VANITY TO BE HIDDEN. (Cant. 4:6, cont.:) I WILL GO UNTO THE MOUNTAIN OF MYRRH. This is the Holy Temple where they would burn the offering of myrrh.
Another interpretation (of Cant. 4:6): UNTIL THE DAY BECOMES COOL. Until the kingdom of the Holy One appears in this world. (Ibid., cont.:) AND THE SHADOWS FLEE, i.e., the shadows of the kingdom. (Ibid., cont.:) I WILL GO UNTO THE MOUNTAIN OF MYRRH, i.e., Jerusalem. Thus it is stated (in Cant. 5:1): WHEN I COME TO MY GARDEN, MY SISTER, MY BRIDE, I HAVE PLUCKED MY MYRRH ALONG WITH MY SPICE. (Josh. 5:3:) UNTO THE MOUND OF FORESKINS,20 since he took the foreskins and made a mound of them. For that reason the Holy One was revealed to him, as stated (in Gen. 18:1): THEN < THE LORD > APPEARED UNTO HIM. Now when the angels saw this, they also came along with the Holy One, as stated (in Gen. 18:2): WHEN HE LIFTED HIS EYES AND LOOKED, BEHOLD, THERE WERE THREE MEN < STANDING NEAR HIM >. And so David gives praise (in Ps. 25:10): ALL THE PATHS OF THE LORD ARE STEADFAST LOVE AND TRUTH. What is the meaning of ALL THE PATHS OF THE LORD ARE STEADFAST LOVE AND TRUTH? < With reference to > the Torah, its beginning is steadfast love,21 its end is steadfast love, and its middle is steadfast love. Its beginning is steadfast love. Where is it shown? You find that when the Holy One formed Eve, he adorned her and brought her to Adam, as stated (in Gen. 2:22): THEN THE LORD GOD BUILT THE RIB < WHICH HE HAD TAKEN FROM THE HUMAN INTO A WOMAN >. What is the meaning of BUILT? R. Abbahu said: In Arabia they call the plaited coiffure a "building."22 Its end is steadfast love, < i.e., > at Moses' death when the Holy One attended him in his glory,23 as stated (in Deut. 34:6): AND HE BURIED HIM IN THE VALLEY. At the middle there is steadfast love in the case of Abraham, as stated (in Gen. 17:2): AND LET ME PUT MY COVENANT BETWEEN ME AND YOU. When the Holy One was revealed to him, he was sitting, as stated (in Gen. 18:1): < THEN THE LORD APPEARED UNTO HIM > … AS HE WAS SITTING AT THE TENT DOOR IN THE HEAT OF THE DAY.24 Abraham went to stand up. The Holy One said to him: Do not trouble yourself to stand up. Sit down! It is so stated (in Ps. 110:1): THE LORD (God) SAID TO MY LORD (Abraham): SIT DOWN AT MY RIGHT HAND. Abraham said to him: Is this good manners for me to be sitting while you are standing? The Holy One said to him: Do not trouble yourself. You are an old man of a hundred years. Sit down! The Holy One said to him: By your life, because you are sitting while I stand, your children at the age of three years, at the age of four years, are going to be sitting in the academies and in the synagogues with me standing over them. Thus it is stated (in Ps. 82:1): GOD STANDS IN THE DIVINE CONGREGATION. Abraham began to praise25 God (according to Ps. 18:36 [35]): YOU ALSO GAVE ME THE SHIELD OF YOUR SALVATION, when the kings had pursued < me >. It is so stated (in Gen. 15:1): FEAR NOT, ABRAM, I AM YOUR SHIELD. (Ps. 18:36 [35], cont.:) YOUR RIGHT HAND SUSTAINED ME, when you grasped the foreskin along with me as I was cutting. (Ibid., cont.:) AND YOUR CONDESCENSION MAGNIFIED ME, in that I was sitting while you were standing.
Another interpretation (of Gen. 18:1): AS HE WAS SITTING AT THE TENT DOOR IN (literally: AS) THE HEAT OF THE DAY. What is the meaning of AS THE HEAT OF THE DAY? That the Holy One made that day as hot as the day of judgment. It is so stated (in Mal. 3:19 [4:1]): FOR, BEHOLD, THE DAY IS AT HAND, BURNING LIKE AN OVEN….
[5] (Gen. 18:2:) WHEN HE RAISED HIS EYES, HE LOOKED, < AND BEHOLD, THREE PERSONS WERE STANDING NEAR HIM >…. R. Simay said: The Holy One said to Abraham: By virtue of three races which you ran, by your life, when I come to give Torah to Israel, I am running three races before them. Now these are the three races which Abraham ran:26 (Ibid., cont.:) HE RAN TO MEET THEM. (Ibid., vs. 7:) THEN ABRAHAM RAN UNTO THE HERD. (Ibid., vs. 6:) SO ABRAHAM HASTENED TO THE TENT…. Here are three races. The Holy One also repaid his children in kind for him at Sinai, as stated (in Deut. 33:2): AND HE SAID: THE LORD CAME FORTH FROM SINAI, < AND SHONE UPON THEM FROM SEIR, HE; HE APPEARED FROM MOUNT PARAN >…. The Holy One said to him: By your life, you said (in Gen. 18:4): PLEASE (na) LET A LITTLE WATER BE BROUGHT (rt.: LQH). With that very word I am redeeming you from Egypt, as stated (in Exod. 6:7): AND I WILL TAKE (rt.: LQH) YOU TO BE MY < PEOPLE >. So much for this world. [Where is it shown] in regard to the world to come? Where it is stated (in Jer. 3:14): I WILL TAKE (rt.: LQH) YOU, ONE FROM A TOWN AND TWO FROM A CLAN, < AND BRING YOU TO ZION >. You said to them (in Gen. 18:4): PLEASE (na). By your life, with that very word I am admonishing (rt.: YKH) your children, as stated (in Is. 1:18): PLEASE (na) COME, LET US REASON (rt.: YKH) TOGETHER, SAYS THE LORD…. You said to them (in 18:4): A LITTLE (me'at). By your life, with that very word I am driving out the peoples from before your children, as stated (in Exod. 23:30): LITTLE BY LITTLE (me'at me'at) I WILL DRIVE THEM OUT FROM BEFORE YOU. And where is it also shown for the world to come? Where it is stated (in Hag. 2:6f.): FOR THUS SAYS THE LORD {GOD} [OF HOSTS]: IN JUST A LITTLE WHILE (me'at) LONGER I WILL SHAKE < THE HEAVENS AND THE EARTH, THE SEA AND THE DRY COUNTRY; I WILL SHAKE THE NATIONS >. You said to them (in 18:4): WATER. By your life, I am raising up a well for your children, as stated (in Numb. 21:17): RISE UP, O WELL! SING TO IT. And where is it also shown after they had entered the land? Where it is stated (in Deut. 8:7): FOR THE LORD YOUR GOD IS BRINGING YOU UNTO A GOOD LAND, [A LAND WITH STREAMS OF WATER]…. Where is it also shown for the world to come? Where it is stated (in Is. 30:25): THEN UPON [EVERY] HIGH MOUNTAIN [AND UPON EVERY LOFTY HILL THERE SHALL BE BROOKS AND STREAMS OF WATER].
[6] (Gen. 18:17:)
THEN THE LORD SAID: SHALL I HIDE FROM ABRAHAM < WHAT I AM DOING >? Let our master instruct us: When someone is translating for one reading the Torah, is it correct for him to look at a written text?
27 Thus have our masters taught: The translator is forbidden to look at a written text, and the reader is forbidden to take his eyes away from the Torah since the Torah was given only in a written text, as stated (in Exod. 34:1):
AND I WILL WRITE UPON THE TABLETS. But it is forbidden for the translator to look at the Torah. R. Judah ben Pazzi said: There is a text
(Exod. 34:27) which explicitly proves < this injunction >:
WRITE DOWN THESE WORDS. Thus, the Scripture was given in writing. (Ibid., cont.:)
FOR THESE WORDS ARE BY MOUTH. Here is < a reference to > the translation, which is given by word of mouth.
28
R. Judah bar Simon said (Ibid., cont.): I HAVE MADE A COVENANT WITH YOU AND WITH ISRAEL. < It was done > through writing and through word of mouth: FOR THESE WORDS ARE BY MOUTH. If you preserve what is in writing in writing and what is by word of mouth by word of mouth, I HAVE MADE < A COVENANT > WITH YOU. But, < if > you change what is by mouth into writing and what is in writing into word of mouth, I HAVE not MADE < A COVENANT > WITH YOU. R. Judah b. R. Shallum the Levite said:29 Moses wanted the Mishnah also to be in writing, but the Holy One foresaw that the peoples of the world were going to translate the Torah and read it in Greek. Then they would say: We too are Israel. The Holy One said to him (in Hos. 8:12): SHOULD I WRITE THE FULL ABUNDANCE OF MY TORAH (i.e., including the Mishnah) FOR YOU? If so, THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN RECKONED AS STRANGERS. And why all this? Because the Mishnah is a mystery30 belonging to the Holy One, and the Holy One reveals his mystery only to the righteous. Thus it is stated (in Ps. 25:14): THE SECRET OF THE LORD IS FOR THOSE WHO FEAR HIM. And so you find that even when the Holy One was angry over Sodom because of their evil deeds and when the Holy One sought to destroy Sodom, the Holy One did not seal their judgment until he had consulted with Abraham. {Thus it is stated:} [Where is it shown? From what we have read on the matter] (in Gen. 18:17): THEN THE LORD SAID: SHALL I HIDE FROM ABRAHAM < WHAT I AM DOING >?
[7] It is written (in Prov. 3:4): SO YOU SHALL FIND GRACE AND GOOD FAVOR IN THE EYES OF GOD AND HUMANITY. You have one who is pleasing to the king but is not pleasing to the people of the king's palace.31 There is also one who is pleasing to the people of the palace and not pleasing to the king. In the case of the righteous, however, when they are pleasing before the Holy One, they are pleasing before angels and before mortals. This is what you find in < the case of > Daniel. When the angel came to him, he called that person beloved three times: (Dan. 10:11:) < O DANIEL >, GREATLY BELOVED ONE, UNDERSTAND THE WORDS. It is also written (in Dan. 10:19): FEAR NOT, O GREATLY BELOVED ONE! (Dan. 9:23:) AND I HAVE COME TO DECLARE < IT > BECAUSE YOU ARE {ONE WHO IS} GREATLY BELOVED. And why did he call him GREATLY BELOVED three times? It is simply that a person is blessed when the angel brings him good news and says: You are beloved before the Holy One. You are also praised among the heavenly beings and beloved with your generation. Bezalel also was praised before the heavenly beings and among lower beings as well. Where is it shown? Where it is stated (in Exod. 31:2f.): SEE, I HAVE CALLED BEZALEL < … > BY NAME; < AND I HAVE FILLED HIM WITH THE SPIRIT OF GOD, IN WISDOM >…. It is also written (in Exod. 35:30f.): THE LORD HAS CALLED BEZALEL < … > BY NAME; < AND HE HAS FILLED HIM WITH THE SPIRIT OF GOD, IN WISDOM >…. See, < he is praised in one verse > among the heavenly beings; see, < he is praised in the other verse > among the lower beings. Ergo, it says (in Prov. 3:4): SO YOU SHALL FIND GRACE < AND GOOD FAVOR IN THE EYES OF GOD AND HUMANITY >.
Another interpretation (of Prov. 3:4): SO YOU SHALL FIND GRACE. This is Abraham, who was pleasing to mortals and to angels. Thus it is stated (in Gen. 23:6): HEAR ME, MY LORD < ABRAHAM >, YOU ARE A PRINCE OF GOD IN OUR MIDST. Ergo, < he was pleasing > to mortals. Where is it shown < that he was pleasing > to the Holy One and to angels? Where it is stated (in Gen. 18:17): THEN THE LORD SAID: SHALL I HIDE FROM ABRAHAM < WHAT I AM DOING > ?
R. Levi said: Why did the Holy One give a revelation to Abraham? Because he had reflected in his heart about the generation of the flood, and said: It is impossible that there are not some righteous ones among them. You yourself know that it is so. THEN THE LORD SAID: SHALL I HIDE FROM ABRAHAM < WHAT I AM DOING >? What did < Abraham > answer him (in Gen. 18:23)? WILL YOU ALSO DESTROY THE RIGHTEOUS WITH THE WICKED?
R. Levi said: That thing which Abraham said is the same thing which Job said.32 Job, however, swallowed unripe fruit (i.e., spoke rashly), < while > Abraham ate it cooked. Job said (in Job 9:22): IT IS ALL ONE; THEREFORE, I SAY: HE DESTROYS THE INNOCENT AND THE WICKED. But Abraham, who was wiser, said: WILL YOU ALSO DESTROY … ? < Then > he repented and said (in Gen. 18:25): FAR BE IT FROM YOU TO DO SUCH A THING, TO PUT TO DEATH A RIGHTEOUS PERSON ALONG WITH A WICKED ONE, SO THAT THE RIGHTEOUS ONE FARES LIKE THE WICKED!
Another interpretation: Why did the Holy One give a revelation to Abraham? R. Judah the Levite spoke a parable:33 To what is the matter comparable? To a king who had an orchard and gave it to his friend as a gift. After some days the king needed to cut down < some > beams from it. The king said: Although it was mine, I gave it to my friend. I shall not cut them until I consult with my friend. So < it was with > the Holy One. When he brought < Abraham > up into the land of Israel, he said to him (in Gen. 13:14f.): PLEASE LIFT UP YOUR EYES AND LOOK {TOWARD THE SEA AND TOWARD THE NORTH} … and it is also written (in the next verse): [FOR] ALL THE LAND WHICH YOU SEE, < TO YOU WILL I GIVE IT, AND TO YOUR SEED FOREVER >. When, therefore, the Holy One wanted to destroy those five cities, he said: I am not destroying them without Abraham knowing. If you should say that they were not part of the land of Canaan, see what is written (in Gen. 10:19): AND THE BORDER OF CANAAN WAS FROM ZIDON, < AS YOU GO TOWARD GERAR, UNTO GAZA; AS YOU GO TO SODOM, GOMORRAH, ADMAH, AND ZEBOIIM, UNTO LASHA >. He did not, therefore, destroy them until he had consulted with Abraham, as stated (in Gen. 18:17): THEN THE LORD SAID: SHALL I HIDE FROM ABRAHAM < WHAT I AM DOING >?
[8] It is written (in Job 20:23): LET IT BE FOR FILLING HIS BELLY, LET HIM CAST HIS BURNING ANGER AT HIM, AND LET HIM BRING DOWN RAIN UPON {THEM} [HIM] IN HIS FLESH (LEHUM).34 The retribution which came upon the Sodomites was for filling their belly, because they had filled their belly with transgressions, violence, and plunder. Therefore, when retribution came upon them, it filled their belly, as stated (ibid.): LET HIM CAST HIS BURNING ANGER AT {THEM} [HIM]. R. Me'ir said about the destruction of Sodom: The Scripture says (ibid.): AND LET HIM BRING DOWN RAIN UPON {THEM} [HIM] IN HIS LEHUM. (Gen. 19:24:) THEN THE LORD RAINED DOWN UPON SODOM. What is the meaning of IN HIS LEHUM (rt.: LHM)? < That it happened > because of the wars (rt.: LHM) which they had fought with the Holy One. Thus it was stated (in Gen. 13:13): NOW THE PEOPLE OF SODOM WERE EVIL AND SINFUL AGAINST THE LORD, EXCEEDINGLY SO.35 < They were > EVIL to each other AND SINFUL in adultery, AGAINST THE LORD in idolatry, EXCEEDINGLY SO in bloodshed. R. Judah b. R. Shallum the Levite said in the name of R. Johanan bar Nahman: When Amraphel and his associates came to fight with the Sodomites, because they had captured Lot, Abraham went out to fight against them. So he killed the kings, and they fled, just as it is written (in Gen. 14:10): NOW THE VALLEY OF SIDDIM WAS FULL OF BITUMEN PITS; [AND THE KINGS OF SODOM < AND GOMORRAH > FLED] < AND FELL THERE >. Abraham began reflecting: The kings came to fight with the Sodomites. So the kings fell, but those < of Sodom and Gomorrah > fled. Thus it is stated (ibid., cont.): AND THOSE WHO REMAINED FLED TO THE MOUNTAIN.36 Perhaps you will say: There were worthy ones among them. The Holy One said to him (in Job 20:24-26): SHOULD HE FLEE FROM THE IRON WEAPON, < THE BOW OF BRASS SHALL PASS THROUGH HIM >; HE DRAWS IT OUT, AND IT COMES OUT OF HIS BODY … UTTER DARKNESS IS LAID UP IN RESERVE FOR HIM; < AN UNFANNED FIRE SHALL CONSUME HIM; IT SHALL BE BAD FOR A SURVIVOR IN HIS TENT >. UTTER DARKNESS IS LAID UP concerns Sodom, since it lies to the south37 of the land of Israel. Thus it is stated (in Ezek. 16:46): AND YOUR YOUNGER SISTER [THAT DWELLS SOUTH OF YOU IS SODOM AND HER DAUGHTERS]. What is the meaning of SHALL CONSUME THE SURVIVOR IN HIS TENT? That, even if a single survivor is left {of them} [from there], the evil of evil < SHALL CONSUME THE SURVIVOR > IN HIS TENT. Which < survivor > ? This is Lot's wife, Edith, of whom it is stated (in Gen. 19:26): BUT HIS WIFE LOOKED BACK, AND SHE BECAME A PILLAR OF SALT.38
[9] (Gen. 18:15:) FAR BE IT FROM YOU TO DO SUCH A THING! Let our master instruct us: Is it correct for someone to stand and pray < the Amidah > with frivolity? Thus have our masters taught (in Ber. 5:1):39 ONE STANDS TO PRAY < THE AMIDAH > ONLY WITH REVERENCE. David said (in Ps. 2:11): SERVE THE LORD WITH FEAR, AND REJOICE WITH TREMBLING. There is a story about a certain person who stood < for the Amidah > with frivolity and supported himself against the wall, but R. Samuel bar Nahmani turned him back. He said that he should not behave with frivolity. And so you find with the ancestors of the world. When they prayed, they would pray with fear. < It is > just as Moses said (in Deut. 9:18, 25): THEN I PROSTRATED MYSELF BEFORE THE LORD, when he was seeking mercy for Israel. Thus it is stated (in Exod. 32:11): BUT MOSES IMPLORED < THE LORD HIS GOD >. He girded his loins in prayer [to speak in defense40 of Israel]. He said to him: Sovereign of the World, (according to Exod. 32:11-13) WHY DOES YOUR WRATH BURN AGAINST YOUR PEOPLE… ? WHY, O LORD, SHOULD THE EGYPTIANS SPEAK, < SAYING: WITH EVIL INTENT HE BROUGHT THEM OUT TO KILL THEM IN THE MOUNTAINS > … ? REMEMBER YOUR SERVANTS, ABRAHAM, ISAAC, AND ISRAEL…. Hezekiah bar Hiyya said: It was not pleasing to the Holy One until Moses mentioned the merit of the ancestors. The Holy One said to him: Moses, if they had not had the merit of the ancestors, I would have destroyed them. You do not know how to plead merit. R. Pinhas bar Hama the Priest in the name of R. Simon and R. Abbin in the name of R. Aha said: What did the Holy One do? He put on his prayer shawl, like the representative (shaliah) of a congregation [when he is passing] before the ark (i.e., leading the prayers), and said to Moses: Thus are you to pray to me and say (as in Exod. 34:6): THE LORD, THE LORD IS A MERCIFUL AND GRACIOUS GOD…. < This interpretation is suggested by the beginning of the verse >, where it is stated: THEN THE LORD PASSED BEFORE MOSES AND PROCLAIMED…. What is the meaning of PASSED? < That the Holy One PASSED BEFORE MOSES > like < a prayer leader > passing before the ark. See how the righteous seek merit for the world and speak in defense41 of Israel! < They pray >, not only for Israel, but also for the wicked, since it is stated (in Ezek. 33:11): AS I LIVE, SAYS [THE LORD] GOD, I DO NOT DESIRE THE DEATH OF THE WICKED.42 Why? Perhaps they may repent. You yourself know that it is so. When the Holy One desired to destroy those five cities, he consulted with Abraham, as stated (in Gen. 18:20): THEN THE LORD SAID: THE OUTCRY AGAINST SODOM AND GOMORRAH IS < SO GREAT >. Abraham began to speak to the Lord in their defense: Think! Perhaps they will repent. Where is it shown? Where they read on the matter (in Gen. 18:25): FAR BE IT FROM YOU TO DO SUCH A THING!
[10] It is written (in Job 41:4 [12]): I WILL NOT KEEP SILENT ABOUT HIS BOASTINGS, HAUGHTY TALK, AND HIS FAIR ARRAY OF WORDS. The Holy One said: Lest the children of Adam say: We also speak with the Holy One just as Abraham spoke, and he is keeping silent for us, the Holy One said: No, I WILL NOT KEEP SILENT ABOUT HIS BOASTINGS. Only for Abraham alone do I keep silent. Why? Because he kept silent for me, I also keep silent for him. When did Abraham keep silent? When I said to him (in Gen. 21:12): FOR IN ISAAC SHALL YOUR SEED BE NAMED, and afterwards I said to him (in Gen. 22:2): PLEASE TAKE YOUR SON … < AND OFFER HIM THERE AS A BURNT OFFERING >. Then he kept silent for me, as stated (in Ps. 38:14 [13]): BUT I AM LIKE A DEAF PERSON, NOT HEARING, < LIKE A DUMB PERSON, NOT OPENING HIS MOUTH >.43 I also will keep silent for him; and, even though he said harsh things, as stated (in Job 41:4 [12]): HAUGHTY TALK, HIS FAIR ARRAY OF WORDS was pleasing to me. And what is the meaning of HAUGHTY TALK? See what is written (in Gen. 18:23): THEN ABRAHAM DREW NEAR AND SAID: WILL YOU ALSO DESTROY < THE RIGHTEOUS WITH THE WICKED >? Abraham said to the Holy One (in Gen. 18:25): Sovereign of the World, FAR BE IT FROM YOU < TO DO SUCH A THING >, for will not those coming into the world say: This is his trade, that he destroy the generations by a rule of cruelty. He destroyed the generation of Enosh, the generation of the flood, and the generation of the dispersion < of humankind >. He did not abandon his trade. [Thus, Abraham said] (in Gen. 18:25): FAR BE IT FROM YOU!44 The Holy One said to him: You have said this. Come and see, as I make all the generations that I have destroyed pass before you. Then I will show you that I did not collect their divine punishment from them < before it was finally sealed >.45 Now, if it should cross your mind that I did not act fairly, teach me; and I will act < accordingly >. Thus it is stated (in Job 34:32): WHAT I DO NOT SEE, YOU TEACH ME. IF I HAVE DONE WRONG, I WILL NOT CONTINUE. So I will continue no more. They said to him: Sovereign of the World, far be it from you to issue judgment over all creation. Thus it is stated (in Job 34:10): LISTEN TO ME, THEREFORE, O PEOPLE OF UNDERSTANDING; MAY WICKEDNESS BE FAR FROM GOD AND INJUSTICE, FROM THE ALMIGHTY. Rather (in vs. 11): FOR HE REPAYS A PERSON ACCORDING TO HIS ACTIONS…. Therefore, he says (in Gen. 18:25): FAR BE IT FROM YOU < TO DO SUCH A THING, TO PUT TO DEATH A RIGHTEOUS PERSON ALONG WITH A WICKED ONE SO THAT THE RIGHTEOUS ONE FARES LIKE THE WICKED! FAR BE IT FROM YOU >!
[11] Another interpretation: What is the reason that he says two times (in Gen. 18:25): FAR BE IT FROM YOU? Abraham said: FAR BE IT FROM YOU to bring all creation to judgment either in this world or in the world to come. He therefore says: FAR BE IT FROM YOU! FAR BE IT FROM YOU!
[12] Another interpretation (of Gen. 18:25): FAR BE IT FROM YOU! Abraham said: Sovereign of the World, I see through the Holy Spirit that a certain woman is going to deliver an entire town.46 So am I not worthy to deliver these five cities? Which woman was that? That was Serah bat Asher, in the time that Sheba ben Bichri rebelled against David and came to Abel, as stated (in II Sam. 20:15): [THEN THEY CAME AND BESIEGED HIM IN ABEL] … AND ALL THE PEOPLE WHO WERE WITH JOAB WERE DESTROYING THE WALL TO THROW IT DOWN. When Serah perceived the situation, she began to cry out < for Joab >. They called Joab to her. When Joab came, she said (in vs. 17): ARE YOU JOAB? AND HE SAID: YES. You are a sage, since the Scripture praises you (in II Sam. 23:8) as ONE WHO SITS IN THE SEAT OF WISDOM (i.e., in the academy)…. 47 Have you not read in the Torah (in Deut. 20:10): WHEN YOU DRAW NEAR UNTO A CITY < TO FIGHT AGAINST IT, YOU SHALL OFFER TERMS OF PEACE UNTO IT > ? Thus, was it not up to you to do so? (II Sam. 20:18:) {YOU} [THEY] USED TO SPEAK IN EARLY TIMES, SAYING: LET THEM SURELY ASK IN ABEL. (Deut. 20:10f.:) YOU SHALL OFFER TERMS OF PEACE UNTO IT (a hostile city). < THEN IT SHALL BE, IF IT MAKES YOU AN ANSWER OF PEACE >…. (II Sam. 20:18f.:) < LET THEM SURELY ASK > IN ABEL; AND THAT WAS THE END OF THE MATTER…. SO WHY WOULD YOU DEVOUR THE LORD'S HERITAGE? When he heard that, Joab became afraid and said: There is a requirement here, as stated (in vs. 20): {THEN JOAB SAID:} [THEN JOAB ANSWERED AND SAID: FAR BE IT], FAR BE IT48 FROM ME < THAT I SHOULD DEVOUR >…. But you, since you are a merciful < God >, is it pleasing for you to destroy these? (Gen. 18:25:) FAR BE IT FROM YOU TO DO SUCH A THING, < TO PUT TO DEATH A RIGHTEOUS PERSON ALONG WITH A WICKED ONE, SO THAT THE RIGHTEOUS ONE FARES LIKE THE WICKED! FAR BE IT FROM YOU > ! Now what did Joab say to her? (II Sam. 20:21:) THE SITUATION IS NOT THE SAME, FOR A MAN FROM THE HILLS OF EPHRAIM NAMED SHEBA BEN BICHRI < HAS RAISED HIS HAND AGAINST KING DAVID >…. Sheba is a man with a blemish, one who serves idols. (II Sam. 20:1:) NOW THERE HAPPENED TO BE THERE A MAN OF BELIAL WHOSE NAME IS SHEBA BEN BICHRI. She said to him (in vs. 19): I AM THE SHELUME (rt.: ShLM) OF THE FAITHFUL IN ISRAEL.49 I am the one who completed (rt.: ShLM) the number of Israel, as stated (in Numb. 26:46): AND THE NAME OF ASHER'S DAUGHTER WAS SERAH.50 Just stay in your place, and I will make peace (rt.: ShLM). Thus it is stated (in II Sam. 20:21): BEHOLD, HIS HEAD WILL BE THROWN TO YOU OVER THE WALL. And so she had confidence in herself that she would deliver his head to Joab. But see what she did (according to vs. 22)! THEN THE WOMAN CAME UNTO [ALL] THE PEOPLE IN HER WISDOM. What is the meaning of IN HER WISDOM? Simply that she said to them: Understand that Joab and all Israel are standing outside to kill us, our sons, and our daughters. They said to her: Why? She said to them: He would take a hundred people and go. They said to her: Let him take two hundred. She said to them: He only wants fifty people. They said to her: Let him take a hundred. She said to them: He only wants five: They said to her: Let him take ten. She said to them: He only wants one whose name is Sheba ben Bichri. When they heard that, they immediately went and cut off his head. Thus it is stated (in II Sam. 20:22, cont.): SO THEY CUT OFF THE HEAD OF SHEBA BEN BICHRI. Look at the wisdom of this woman! In the same way Abraham came in wisdom before the Holy One. He came < down > from fifty to forty, from forty to thirty, from thirty to twenty, and from twenty to ten. So also with this woman (according to II Sam. 20:22): THEN THE WOMAN CAME UNTO [ALL] THE PEOPLE IN HER WISDOM. Regarding her Solomon gave praise51 (in Eccl. 9:18): WISDOM IS BETTER THAN INSTRUMENTS OF WAR. The wisdom of Serah was better than the instruments of war that were in the hands of Joab. When Joab received the head of Sheba ben Bichri, he immediately went back without touching the city. Abraham said to the Holy One: Sovereign of the World, now if Joab, when he took the head of one person who was guilty, left the city alone, would you, who are merciful, destroy everyone? (Gen. 18:25:) FAR BE IT FROM YOU!
[13] R. Judah b. R. Shallum said: What is the meaning of FAR BE IT FROM YOU (literally) FROM DOING < SUCH A THING >?52 "To do" is not written here, but FROM DOING, i.e., neither that nor anything like it.53 The Divine Presence departed. The Holy One waited for < Abraham > in case he should find < some > merit for them. When he did not find < any > for them, Abraham stood and prayed before the Holy One. (Gen. 18:33:) SO THE LORD WENT AWAY WHEN HE HAD FINISHED < SPEAKING WITH ABRAHAM >. Immediately, on that very day, the angels entered Sodom, as stated (in Gen. 19:1): THEN THE TWO ANGELS CAME TO SODOM….
1. Tanh., Gen. 4:1.
2. The Mishnah cited attributes the teaching to R. Gamaliel.
3. TBer. 3:25; yBer. 2:4 (5a); 4:3 (7d-8a); yTa‘an. 2:2 (65c); Ber. 9b; 28a; Gen. R. 69:4; Lev. R. 1:8; M. Pss. 20:2.
4. The correspondence between the Eighteen Benedictions and Ps. 29 is attributed to R. Levi in yTa‘an. 2:2 (65c).
5. This mention of El, when added to the psalm’s eighteen repetitions of the Tetragrammaton, results in nineteen references to the Holy One.
6. See below, 4:4; 5:2; Gen. R. 8:13; M. Pss. 25:11; Eccl. R. 7:2:2; also Sot. 14a.
7. According Gen. R. 18:1, the point here is that “to build” can mean “to plait” hair. Thus the verse implies that God adorned Eve as a bride by plating her hair. See also below, section 4, and the note there.
8. Lat.: familia.
9. The verse is traditionally rendered, THEN THE LORD APPEARED UNTO HIM. In the unvocalized text, however, APPEARED can be translated WAS AWESOME; and so the midrash understands it.
10. Translations generally interpret what follows as referring to someone evil who is being contrasted with the ONE WHO IS POOR AND OF A CONTRITE SPIRIT.
11. Targum Ps. Joh. to Gen. 14:1; ‘Eruv. 53a; Gen. R. 42:4; Tanh., Gen. 3:6; also PRK 8:2; PR 18:3.
12. Tanh., Gen. 4:2.
13. Cf. Meg. 31a.
14. Gen. R. 48:4.
15. Cf. Cant. R. 4:6:1.
16. Buber suggests reading (with Cant. 4:6): UNTO THE MOUND OF FRANKINCENSE.
17. According to Cant. R. 4:6:1, it was heat from the sun that caused the foreskins to emit the aroma of frankincense.
18. There is probably an allusion here to Gen. 22:2: GO UNTO THE LAND OF MORIAH (Moriyyah). Cf. Gen. R. 55:7.
19. The Hebrew for ALOES < AND > CASSIA is similar to the Aramaic for “tent of cutting.”
20. Buber again suggests emending to fit Cant. 4:6: UNTO THE MOUND OF FRANKINCENSE.
21. See above, 4:1; below, 5:2.
22. Cf. Ber. 61a; Shab. 95a; ‘Eruv. 18a; Nid. 45b; ARN, A, 4; Gen. R. 18:1; M. Pss. 25:11; above 4:1; below 5:2.
23. BKBWDW: perhaps a misprint for BKBWRW, “at his burial.”
24. Below, 8:28.
25. Rt.: QLS, possibly related to the Gk.: kalos, which means “beautifully.”
26. See TSot. 4:1; BM 86b-87a; ARN, A, 13; Tanh., Gen. 4:4; Gen. R. 48:4; Exod. R. 25:5; Numb. R. 14:2.
27. Tanh. Gen. 4:5; PR 5:1; cf. yMeg. 4:1 (74d); Meg. 32a (bar.)
28. See Pe‘ah 2:6 (17a); Exod. R. 47:3.
29. Tanh. Exod. 9:34. See Exod. R. 47:1; Cant. R. 2:7:1; cf. Hag. 13a; Ket. 111a.
30. Gk.: mysterion.
31. Gk.: palation; Lat.: palatium.
32. See Gen. R. 49:9.
33. Gen. R. 49:2.
34. Tanh. 4:7.
35. Gen. R. 41:7; ARN, A, 36; B, 30.
36. The following argument is to explain that, while some escaped, such sinners could not evade divine judgment forever.
37. Literally: “to the right.” Parallel texts in Yalqut, Job, 908, and Codex Vaticanus Ebr. 34, ad loc., read, “to the left,” i.e., “to the north.” Although this reading agrees neither with geographical fact nor with what follows, “to the north” does make sense in terms of Job 20:26, where the words IN RESERVE FOR HIM could be vocalized to mean, “for his northern regions.” Note also that the Yalqut consistently reads “north” for SOUTH in Ezek. 16:46, which follows.
38. The name Edith suggests the Hebrew ‘ed, which means “witness”; and indeed, as a pillar of salt, Edith did become a witness to all who saw her.
39. See TBer. 3:21; yBer. 5:1 (8d); Ber. 31a.
40. Gk.: synegoria.
41. Ibid.
42. Cf. Matthew 5:44.
43. Throughout Gen. 21 & 22 Abraham never responds to God.
44. Cf. Gen. R. 49:9.
45. So Codex Vaticanus Ebr. 34, ad loc.
46. See Gen. R. 94:9; Eccl.. R. 9:18:2; M. Sam. 32.
47. These words are commonly understood as the proper name, JOSHEB-BASSHEBETH, A TAHCHEMONITE; but this midrash, along with Numb. R. 23:13 and PR 11:3, understands the passage as translated here. The attribution of the verse to Joab, the head of David’s army, is assumed because the person depicted here comes first in a listing of David’s mighty men and is identified as the chief of David’s captains. Moreover, although the listing contains no specific mention of Joab, it does contain the names of Joab’s brothers (in vss. 18 & 24) and even his armor bearer (in vs. 37).
48. Note that these words return the argument to Gen. 18:25, in which the same expression also occurs.
49. Cf. the new JPSA translation here: I AM ONE OF THOSE WHO SEEK THE WELFARE OF THE FAITHFUL IN ISRAEL.
50. According to Gen. 46:27, THE TOTAL OF JACOB’S HOUSE WHO CAME INTO EGYPT WAS SEVENTY PERSONS, but those named number only sixty-nine including Joseph, his two sons, and Serah. The extra person comes from counting Serah twice because of her long life. Numb. 26:46 shows that she was still alive at the time of the Exodus. Moreover, it was not too difficult to imagine that so old a woman had lived even longer into the reign of David and identify her with the wise woman of II Sam. 20:16. See the version of this tradition in PRK 11:13.
51. Gk.: kalos.
52. Cf. Gen. R. 49:9.
53. The interpretation is stressing the partitive sense of FROM.